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Original article
Available online 2 March 2026

Association between ventilatory ratio and subsequent development of severe late acute kidney injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Asociación entre la relación ventilatoria y el desarrollo posterior de lesión renal aguda tardía grave en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda
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Stelios Kokkorisa,
Corresponding author
, Eleni Papoutsia, Ioannis Andrianopoulosb, Athanasios Siampanosa, Konstantina Koloniaa, Elpida Charalampakia, Anastasia Kotanidoua, Ioanna Dimopouloua, Ilias I. Siemposa,c
a First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
b Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
c Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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Abstract
Objective

To investigate the association of a dead space ventilation index, namely ventilatory ratio (VR), with subsequent development of severe late acute kidney injury (AKI).

Design

Multicenter retrospective study. Secondary analysis of individual patient-level data from seven ARDS Network and PETAL Network randomized controlled trials.

Setting

Critically ill patients with ARDS.

Patients

We compared patients who developed severe AKI (stage II or III) more than two days but no longer than seven days following ARDS onset (“severe late AKI” group) with patients who did not develop severe late AKI (“no severe late AKI” group).

Interventions

None.

Main variables of interest

VR, severe late AKI.

Results

Of 3007 patients with ARDS included in the study, 376 (12.5%) developed severe late AKI. Baseline VR was independently associated with severe late AKI development [odds ratio (OR) 1.712, CI 1.096−2.674, p = 0.018)]. An adjusted linear mixed effects model revealed that trajectory of VR was higher in patients who developed severe late AKI than those who did not (estimate = 0.23, p < 0.001). Adjusted latent class mixed modeling identified two distinct trajectories of VR evolution over time, class 1 with lower trajectory over time, and class 2 with higher trajectory, which was independently associated with an increased risk of severe late AKI (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.02–6.41, p = 0.046) compared to class 1.

Conclusions

In ARDS, baseline value of VR was independently associated with severe late AKI, while its trajectory was significantly higher in patients who developed severe late AKI than those who did not.

Keywords:
Acute respiratory failure
Hypoxemia
Acute lung injury
ARDS
Renal failure
Lung-kidney interactions
Resumen
Objetivo

Analizar si la razón ventilatoria (RV) está relacionada con la aparición de lesión renal aguda (LRA) grave tras el inicio del SDRA.

Diseño

Estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico con datos de siete ensayos aleatorizados.

Ámbito

Pacientes críticos con SDRA.

Pacientes

Comparación entre quienes desarrollaron LRA grave tardía y quienes no.

Intervenciones

Ninguna.

Variables de interés principales

RV, LRA.

Resultados

De los 3007 pacientes con SDRA incluidos en el estudio, 376 (12.5%) desarrollaron LRA tardía grave. La RV basal se asoció de forma independiente con el desarrollo de IRA tardía grave en la regresión logística multivariante [odds ratio (OR) 1.712, CI 1.096−2.674, p = 0.018)]. Un modelo lineal ajustado de efectos mixtos reveló que la trayectoria de la RV fue mayor en los pacientes que desarrollaron IRA tardía grave que en los que no la desarrollaron (estimación = 0.23; p < 0.001). El modelado mixto de clases latentes identificó dos trayectorias distintas de evolución de la RV a lo largo del tiempo: la clase 1, con una trayectoria menor, y la clase 2, con una trayectoria mayor, que se asoció con un mayor riesgo de IRA tardía grave (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.02–6.41, p = 0.046) en comparación con la clase 1.

Conclusiones

En el SDRA, el valor basal de la RV se asoció de forma independiente con la IRA tardía grave, mientras que su trayectoria fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes que desarrollaron IRA tardía grave que en los que no la desarrollaron.

Palabras clave:
Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda
Hipoxemia
Lesión pulmonar aguda
SDRA
Insuficiencia renal
Interacciones pulmón-riñón

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