Journal Information
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Original article
Available online 23 September 2025
Scalenus anterior thickening: A novel predictor for mechanical ventilation weaning. A prospective observational study
Engrosamiento del escaleno anterior como un nuevo predictor de los resultados del destete: un estudio observacional prospectivo
Lydia Magdy Milad, Mina Adolf Helmy
, Ahmed I Ezz-Eldin, Waleed I Hamimmy, Amr Hussein Sayed
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Highlights

  • This study represents the first investigation into the utility of scalenus anterior muscle thickening as a predictive marker for weaning outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients.

  • Scalenus anterior thickening fraction is a feasible and reproducible ultrasound marker with strong observer reliability.

  • Scalenus anterior thickening fraction offers a practical alternative to diaphragmatic ultrasound, especially in cases of abdominal surgery or imaging limitations.

Received 21 April 2025. Accepted 26 August 2025
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (5)
Show moreShow less
Tables (6)
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of healthy volunteers, data presented as mean (SD) and median (quartiles).
Tables
Table 2. Intra-observer and Inter-observer reliability.
Tables
Table 3. Demographic and comorbidities, data presented as mean (standard deviation), median (quartiles), and count (frequency).
Tables
Table 4. Ultrasound data for diaphragmatic excursion and scalenus thickening fraction, data presented as mean (SD) and median (quartiles).
Tables
Table 5. ROC analysis for the ability to predict reintubation.
Tables
Table 6. Univariate logistic regression analysis of variables associated with weaning failure.
Tables
Show moreShow less
Additional material (1)
Abstract
Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of the scalenus anterior thickening fraction and its diagnostic accuracy to predict weaning outcomes.

Design

Prospective observational study conducted as 2 sub-studies: sub-study A, which included healthy volunteers, and sub-study B, which included critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation weaning.

Setting

Single-center study conducted at a tertiary center over 6 months.

Participants

Twenty-one healthy volunteers were included in sub-study A, whereas sub-study B included 66 critically ill patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation.

Interventions

A high-frequency linear transducer was placed horizontally at the level of the cricoid cartilage with the neck rotated to the opposite side; at this point, the scalenus anterior muscle can be visualized clearly. The M mode was then switched on in the middle of the muscle with the sweep speed adjusted to a minimum to allow multiple breaths to be obtained on the same screen. Inspiratory and expiratory thickness was measured as an average of 3 breaths; subsequently, the thickening fraction was calculated as (inspiratory thickness – expiratory thickness)/expiratory thickness and expressed as a percentage.

Main variables of interest

Accuracy of the scalenus anterior thickening fraction to predict failed weaning.

Results

Scalenus anterior thickening has good intra- and inter-observer reliability with interclass correlation coefficients of 0.79 and 0.8 for inspiratory and expiratory muscles, respectively. It also showed good accuracy in predicting failed spontaneous breathing trials with an area under the curve (95% confidence interval) of 0.92 (0.82−1) and 0.94 (0.84−0.98) for the right and left sides, respectively. Additionally, scalenus anterior thickening fraction could predict reintubation with an area under the curve of 1.00 (0.93−1.00) and 0.99 (0.91−1.00).

Conclusion

Scalenus anterior examination is a feasible tool with good interobserver reliability. The scalenus anterior thickening fraction could accurately predict weaning outcomes.

Keywords:
Scalenus anterior thickening
Reintubation
Mechanical ventilation
Weaning
Resumen
Objetivos

Evaluar la viabilidad y reproducibilidad de la fracción de engrosamiento del escaleno anterior y su precisión diagnóstica para predecir los resultados de la desconexión.

Diseño

Estudio observacional prospectivo, realizado en dos subestudios: el subestudio A, con voluntarios sanos, y el subestudio B, con pacientes críticos en desconexión de la ventilación mecánica.

Ámbito

Estudio unicéntrico realizado en un centro terciario durante 6 meses.

Pacientes o participantes

El subestudio A incluyó a 21 voluntarios sanos, mientras que el subestudio B incluyó a 66 pacientes críticos en desconexión de la ventilación mecánica.

Intervenciones

Se colocó un transductor lineal de alta frecuencia horizontalmente a la altura del cartílago cricoides con el cuello rotado hacia el lado opuesto; en este punto, se puede visualizar claramente el músculo escaleno anterior. A continuación, se activó el modo M en el centro del músculo con la velocidad de barrido ajustada al mínimo para permitir la obtención de múltiples respiraciones en la misma pantalla. El espesor inspiratorio y espiratorio se midió como un promedio de 3 respiraciones; posteriormente, se calculó la fracción de engrosamiento como (espesor inspiratorio - espesor espiratorio)/espesor espiratorio y se expresó como porcentaje.

Variables de interés principales

Precisión de la fracción de engrosamiento del escaleno anterior para predecir el destete fallido.

Resultados

El engrosamiento del escaleno anterior presenta una buena fiabilidad intra e interobservador, con coeficientes de correlación interclase de 0,79 y 0,8 para los músculos inspiratorio y espiratorio, respectivamente. También mostró una buena precisión en la predicción de intentos fallidos de respiración espontánea, con un área bajo la curva (IC del 95%) de 0,92 (0,82–1) y 0,94 (0,84–0,98) para el lado derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. Además, la fracción de engrosamiento del escaleno anterior pudo predecir la reintubación, con un área bajo la curva de 1,00 (0,93–1,00) y 0,99 (0,91–1,00).

Conclusión

La exploración del escaleno anterior es una herramienta viable con buena fiabilidad interobservador. La fracción de engrosamiento del escaleno anterior podría predecir con precisión los resultados del destete.

Palabras clave:
Engrosamiento del escaleno anterior
Destete de la ventilación mecánica
Reintubación

Article

These are the options to access the full texts of the publication Medicina Intensiva (English Edition)
Member
If you are a member of the Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias::
Go to the members area of the website of the SEMICYUC (www.semicyuc.org )and click the link to the magazine.
Subscriber
Subscriber

If you already have your login data, please click here .

If you have forgotten your password you can you can recover it by clicking here and selecting the option “I have forgotten my password”
Subscribe
Subscribe to

Medicina Intensiva (English Edition)

Purchase
Purchase article

Purchasing article the PDF version will be downloaded

Purchase now
Contact
Phone for subscriptions and reporting of errors
From Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. (GMT + 1) except for the months of July and August which will be from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Calls from Spain
932 415 960
Calls from outside Spain
+34 932 415 960
Email
Idiomas
Medicina Intensiva (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
Supplemental materials