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Available online 24 April 2026

Management of severe infections by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in critically ill patients

Manejo de las infecciones graves por bacterias gramnegativas multirresistentes en el enfermo crítico
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José Garnacho-Monteroa, María Adriaensens-Péreza,
Corresponding author
, Teresa Aldabó-Pallása, Noelia Anaya-Carrióna, David Andaluz-Ojedab, Luisa Cantón-Bulnesc, Gennaro De Pascaled,e, Esperanza Fernández-Delgadoa, Pedro Povoaf, Paula Ramírez-Gallemoreg, Alejandro Rodríguez-Oviedoh, Cruz Sorianoi
a Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
b Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
c Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
d Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universitat Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
e Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e della Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
f Department of Intensive Care, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, ULSLO, Lisboa, Portugal
g Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
h Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Valencia, Spain
i Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

Infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB) are currently one of the main public health problems worldwide. Various mechanisms such as altered permeability, efflux pumps, or the appearance of inactivating enzymes (β-lactamases or carbapenemases, among others) cause these bacteria to develop resistance to many of the traditional therapeutic options. Since 2015, new broad-spectrum antibiotics have been incorporated, transforming the treatment of infections caused by MDR-GNB. This article, with an eminently practical focus, aims to review and update the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by MDR-GNB in critically ill patients, attempting to position the use of new antibiotics both in targeted and empirical, without forgetting the crucial role of infection control in combating this health threat.

Keywords:
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli
β-lactamases
Carbapenemases
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Critical care
Resumen

Las infecciones producidas por bacilos gramnegativos multirresistentes (BGN-MR) constituyen en la actualidad uno de los principales problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial. Diversos mecanismos tales como alteraciones de la permeabilidad, bombas de expulsión o la aparición de enzimas inactivadoras (β-lactamasas o carbapenemasas entre otras) hacen que estas bacterias desarrollen resistencias a muchas de las opciones terapéuticas habituales. Desde 2015 se han incorporado nuevos antibióticos de amplio espectro que han transformado el tratamiento de infecciones causadas por BGN-MR. El presente artículo, con un enfoque eminentemente práctico, pretende revisar y actualizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por BGN-MR en el enfermo crítico, intentando posicionar el uso de los nuevos antibióticos tanto en el tratamiento dirigido como su papel en el tratamiento empírico sin olvidar el papel preponderante que tiene el control de infecciones para combatir esta amenaza para la salud.

Palabras clave:
Bacilos gramnegativos multirresistentes
β-lactamasas
Carbapenemasas
Antibióticos de amplio espectro
Cuidados intensivos

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