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Original article
Available online 23 July 2026

Multistate models for predicting organ failure trajectories in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery

Modelos multiestado para la predicción de trayectorias del fracaso orgánico en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca
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Alberto Garrido Callén
Corresponding author
, Manuel Pérez Torres, Dovami Vasco Castaño, María González Gómez, Ignacio Fernandéz Martín-Caro, Diego Maqueda Lluva, Marta Martín Muñoz, Manuel Pérez Marquéz
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Objective

Developing a multistate model to predict clinical transitions and their associated risk factors during the ICU postoperative period following cardiac surgery (CS).

Design

An observational, single-center, retrospective study from December 2021 to December 2023. 6 predefined transitions were considered: (T1) ICU admission → haemodynamic failure; (T2) admission → ICU discharge; (T3) haemodynamic failure → second organ failure; (T4) haemodynamic failure → ICU discharge; (T5) second organ failure → ICU discharge; and (T6) second organ failure → death.

Setting

Postoperative period following CS.

Patients

Adults undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, excluding immediate postoperative mechanical circulatory support, prior cardiopulmonary arrest, minimally invasive surgery, or reintervention outside the index hospitalization.

Main variables of interest

Comorbidity, functional status, type of intervention, surgical characteristics, and pre- and postoperative haemodynamic status.

Results

n = 197. The final model achieved a C-index = 0.63 (95% CI: 0.58−0.66). The following transition specific adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) were obtained: in T1, urgent surgery 3.02 (1.85–4.93), age 1.02 (1.00 1.04), central venous pressure at admission 1.05 (1.00–1.10), and shock index (SI) at admission 4.11 (1.56 10.86); in T2, change in left ventricular ejection fraction 0.03 (0.00−0.27) and age 0.98 (0.97–1.00); in T3, aortic cross-clamp time 1.01 (1.00–1.01), number of defibrillations 1.27 (1.01–1.59), mean arterial pressure (MAP) at admission 0.96 (0.93−0.99), and urgent surgery 3.10 (1.19–8.10); in T4, Vasoactive-Inotropic Score at admission 0.97 (0.95–1.00), red blood cell units 0.53 (0.37−0.77), and improvement in right ventricular systolic function 1.61 (1.08–2.38); in T5, previous CS 0.30 (0.11−0.78), SI 0.06 (0.01−0.47), smoker 0.29 (0.13−0.62), and urgent surgery 0.06 (0.01−0.29); and in T6, MAP 0.91 (0.85−0.97) and red blood cell units 1.35 (1.04–1.75).

Conclusions

Multiple risk factors were identified using a multistate model with moderate discrimination for the postoperative period of CS, allowing for the incorporation of the temporal sequence and interdependence of organ failures.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular surgical procedures
Postoperative period
Hemodynamics (pathology)
Multiple organ failure
Risk assessment
Resumen
Objetivo

Desarrollar un modelo predictivo multiestado para el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca (CCV) en la UCI, identificando factores asociados a cada transición clínica.

Diseño

Estudio observacional, unicéntrico y retrospectivo de diciembre 2021 / diciembre 2023. Se consideraron 6 transiciones predefinidas: (T1) ingreso → fallo hemodinámico; (T2) ingreso → alta de la UCI; (T3) fallo hemo dinámico → segundo fallo orgánico; (T4) fallo hemodinámico → alta de la UCI; (T5) segundo fallo → alta de la UCI; (T6) segundo fallo → fallecimiento.

Ámbito

Postoperatorio de CCV.

Pacientes

Adultos intervenidos con circulación extracorpórea excluyéndose: asistencia mecánica inmediata postquirúrgica, parada cardiorrespiratoria previa, cirugía mínimamente invasiva o reintervención fuera de la hospitalización.

Variables de interés principales

Comorbilidad, situación funcional, tipo de intervención, características y situación hemodinámica pre-posquirúrgica.

Resultados

n = 197. El modelo final obtuvo un C-index = 0,63 IC 95% (0,58−0,66). Se obtuvieron los siguientes hazard ratios ajustados por transición con IC 95%: en T1, cirugía urgente 3,02 (1,85–4,93), edad 1,02 (1,00–1,04), presión venosa central al ingreso 1,05 (1,00–1,10) e índice de shock (IS) al ingreso 4,11 (1,56–10,86); en T2, cambio en la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo 0,03 (0,00–0,27) y edad 0,98 (0,97–1,00); en T3, tiempo de clampaje aórtico 1,01 (1,00–1,01), número de desfibrilaciones 1,27 (1,01–1,59), presión arterial media (PAM) al ingreso 0,96 (0,93–0,99) y cirugía urgente 3,10 (1,19–8,10); en T4, vasoactive-inotropic score al ingreso 0,97 (0,95–1,00), concentrado de hematíes 0,53 (0,37–0,77) y mejoría de la función sistólica del ventrículo derecho 1,61 (1,08–2,38); en T5, CCV previa 0,30 (0,11–0,78), IS 0,06 (0,01–0,47), fumador 0,29 (0,13–0,62) y cirugía urgente 0,06 (0,01–0,29); y en T6, PAM 0,91 (0,85–0,97) y concentrado de hematíes 1,35 (1,04–1,75).

Conclusiones

Se identificaron múltiples factores de riesgo mediante un modelo multiestado con discriminación moderada para el postoperatorio de CCV, lo que permitió incorporar la secuencia temporal y la interdependencia de los fallos orgánicos.

Palabras clave:
Cirugía cardiovascular
Período postoperatorio
Hemodinámica (patología)
Fallo orgánico múltiple
Evaluación del riesgo
Graphical abstract

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