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Update In intensive care medicine: Pediatric intensive care
Available online 21 September 2026

Narrative review of pediatric sepsis and septic shock: update on ultrasound-guided monitoring, diagnostic criteria and treatment

Revisión narrativa sobre sepsis y shock séptico pediátrico: novedades en la monitorización, los criterios diagnósticos y el tratamiento
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María Slöcker Barrioa,
Corresponding author
mslocker@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Cristina Schüffelmannb, Ana Díaz Vicoc, Eider Oñate Vergarad
a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
b Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
c Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
d Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
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Abstract

Sepsis is a common cause of admission to pediatric intensive care and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Since 2005, diagnostic criteria have evolved, culminating in the Phoenix Criteria (2023), which define sepsis as organ dysfunction secondary to a dysregulated immune response. Given its heterogeneity, monitoring and treatment should be tailored to the phase of shock. During resuscitation, the goal is to restore perfusion with fluids and vasopressors. In the optimization, stabilization, and de-escalation phases, the aim is to maintain perfusion and remove excess fluids without compromising tissue flow. Current strategies favor a more restrictive fluid approach and an early use of vasoactive drugs. Monitoring should be continuous and multimodal, integrating clinical signs, technology, and laboratory test parameters. In this context, ultrasound has become essential, allowing individualized assessment of volemia, cardiac function, fluid responsiveness, and fluid overload. Ultrasound plays a key role in decision-making throughout the management process.

Keywords:
Pediatric sepsis
Critically ill patient
Phoenix criteria
Ultrasound
Fluid management
Antibiotic therapy
Resumen

La sepsis es una causa frecuente de ingreso en la UCI pediátrica y conlleva una elevada morbimortalidad. Desde 2005, los criterios diagnósticos han evolucionado hasta los Criterios de Phoenix (2023), que definen la sepsis como una disfunción orgánica secundaria a una respuesta inmune desregulada. Dada su heterogeneidad, la monitorización y el tratamiento deberían personalizarse según la fase del shock. En la resucitación, se busca restaurar la perfusión con fluidos y vasopresores; en la optimización, estabilización y desescalada, se mantiene y se elimina el exceso de líquidos sin comprometer el flujo tisular. Las estrategias actuales tienden a una fluidoterapia más restrictiva y al uso precoz de fármacos vasoactivos. La monitorización debe ser continua y multimodal, integrando parámetros clínicos, tecnológicos y de laboratorio. En este contexto, la ecografía cobra relevancia al facilitar una evaluación individualizada de la volemia, la función cardíaca, la respuesta a los fluidos y la sobrecarga hídrica, lo cual resulta clave para la toma de decisiones en cada fase del manejo.

Palabras clave:
Sepsis pediátrica
Paciente crítico
Criterios de Phoenix
Ecografía
Volumen
Antibioterapia

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