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Original article
Available online 14 July 2026

Noninvasive ventilation versus oxygen mask for preoxygenation before emergency tracheal intubation in critically ill adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Ventilación no invasiva versus mascarilla de oxígeno para la preoxigenación antes de la intubación traqueal de emergencia en adultos críticamente enfermos: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
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Alvaro Andre Vargas Aguilara,b, Jose Luis Villca Villegasa,
Corresponding author
jvillcavillegas@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Sinaí Fernanda Claros Rocabadoa,b, Gustavo Irustac
a Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Franz Tamayo, Cochabamba, Bolivia
b School of Medicine, Universidad Franz Tamayo, Cochabamba, Bolivia
c Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Objective

To compare the effectiveness and safety of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) versus standard oxygen mask for preoxygenation before emergency intubation in critically ill adults.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials following PRISMA 2020. Protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251028685). Risk ratios (RR) were calculated using random-effects models with HKSJ adjustment. Certainty assessed using GRADE.

Setting

Intensive care units and emergency departments. Only in-hospital settings were included.

Patients or participants

1619 critically ill adults requiring emergency intubation from four RCTs (802 NIV, 817 standard mask). Mean age ranged from 55 to 65 years across trials; 79% enrolled in ICUs, 21% in EDs.

Interventions

Preoxygenation with NIV (CPAP or bilevel positive airway pressure) versus standard passive facemask oxygenation without positive pressure.

Main variables of interest

Primary outcome: peri-intubation hypoxemia (SpO₂ < 80%). Safety outcome: aspiration or regurgitation.

Results

Peri-intubation hypoxemia occurred in 63/802 (7.9%) with NIV versus 144/817 (17.6%) with mask (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.14–1.04; p = 0.08; I² = 55%). The point estimate favored NIV, but the confidence interval crossed unity under the HKSJ-adjusted model. Three of four trials individually showed significant reductions. Aspiration was infrequent (1.0% vs 1.7%; p = 0.31). Certainty was moderate for hypoxemia and low for safety.

Conclusions

Preoxygenation with NIV did not significantly reduce peri-intubation hypoxemia compared with a standard oxygen mask under the HKSJ-adjusted model. Nonetheless, the pooled point estimate favored NIV and three of the four trials showed significant reductions, suggesting a possible benefit that did not reach statistical significance. No increases in adverse events were observed. The decision to use NIV should be individualized according to clinical context, patient profile, and team experience.

Keywords:
Noninvasive ventilation
Tracheal intubation
Hypoxemia
Preoxygenation
Critical illness
Abbreviations:
CI
CPAP
ED
FiO₂
GLMM
GRADE
HFNO
ICU
NIV
PEEP
PRISMA
RCT
REML
RoB 2
RR
SpO₂
Resumen
Objetivo

Comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) frente a la mascarilla estándar para la preoxigenación antes de la intubación de emergencia en adultos críticamente enfermos.

Diseño

Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados según PRISMA 2020. Protocolo registrado en PROSPERO (CRD420251028685). Se calcularon RR mediante efectos aleatorios con ajuste HKSJ. Certeza evaluada con GRADE.

Ámbito

Unidades de cuidados intensivos y urgencias. Solo se incluyeron entornos intrahospitalarios.

Pacientes o participantes

1.619 adultos críticamente enfermos de cuatro ensayos aleatorizados (802 VNI, 817 mascarilla). Edad media 55–65 años; 79% en UCI, 21% en urgencias.

Intervenciones

Preoxigenación con VNI (CPAP o presión positiva binivel) versus mascarilla facial estándar sin presión positiva.

Variables de interés principales

Desenlace primario: hipoxemia periintubación (SpO₂ < 80%). Desenlace de seguridad: aspiración o regurgitación.

Resultados

Hipoxemia periintubación: 63/802 (7,9%) con VNI frente a 144/817 (17,6%) con mascarilla (RR 0,39; IC 95%: 0,14–1,04; p = 0,08; I² = 55%). El estimador puntual favoreció a la VNI, pero el intervalo de confianza cruzó la unidad bajo el modelo HKSJ. Tres de cuatro ensayos mostraron reducciones significativas. Aspiración infrecuente (1,0% vs 1,7%; p = 0,31). Certeza moderada para hipoxemia y baja para seguridad.

Conclusiones

La VNI no redujo de forma estadísticamente significativa la hipoxemia periintubación frente a la mascarilla estándar bajo el modelo ajustado por HKSJ. No obstante, el estimador puntual favoreció a la VNI y tres de los cuatro ensayos mostraron reducciones significativas, lo que sugiere un posible beneficio que no alcanzó significación estadística. No se observaron aumentos de eventos adversos. La decisión debe individualizarse según el contexto clínico, el perfil del paciente y la experiencia del equipo.

Palabras clave:
Ventilación no invasiva
Intubación traqueal
Hipoxemia
Preoxigenación
Enfermedad crítica

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