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Original article
Available online 15 July 2026

Sepsis-associated lymphopenia: Dynamic evaluation and its association with recurrent sepsis in critically ill patients

Linfopenia asociada a sepsis: evaluación dinámica y su asociación con sepsis recurrente en pacientes críticamente enfermos
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Verónica Monzóna,,
Corresponding author
, Iván Huespeb, Ernestina Angarolab,e, Nicolás Falconc, Jason Nagourneyd, Marina Bezzatia, Jorge Sinnerb, Nicolas Ducasaf, Denise Anabela Giannonef, Milagros Victoria Acevedof, María Belén Vecchionef,g, Maria Florencia Quirogae,f, Gustavo Olaizolab, Eduardo Pradoa,h
a Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires - Sede San Justo, San Justo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
b Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires - Sede Central – CABA, Argentina
c Clínica Bazterrica – CABA, Argentina
d University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
e Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
f CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
g Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
h Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Objectives

To evaluate whether early lymphocyte trajectories, integrating both the depth and duration of lymphopenia, predict recurrent sepsis in critically ill adults.

Design

Retrospective two-center cohort study.

Setting

Intensive care units of two tertiary hospitals.

Patients or participants

Adult patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock between January 2011 and July 2024.

Interventions

None.

Main variables of interest

Early lymphopenia during the first 48 h was quantified as: (1) number of days with absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) ≤1000 or ≤500 cells/µL, and (2) 48-h time-weighted average lymphocyte count (TWA-L). Recurrent sepsis, defined as a new septic episode occurring ≥7 days after the index event, was analyzed using Fine-Gray competing-risk models, treating death without recurrence as a competing event.

Results

Among 4701 patients, 429 (9.1%) developed recurrent sepsis and 972 (20.8%) died without recurrence. Profound lymphopenia (ALC ≤ 500 cells/µL) showed a dose–response relationship: compared with 0 days, 1 and 2 days were associated with adjusted subdistribution hazard ratios (sHRs) of 1.61 (95% CI 1.22–2.13) and 2.22 (95% CI 1.74–2.84), respectively. Higher TWA-L ≤500/µL was also independently associated with increased risk, whereas milder lymphopenia (≤1000/µL) showed weaker and inconsistent associations.

Conclusions

Early sustained deep lymphopenia (ALC ≤ 500/µL), quantified by duration or cumulative burden, identifies patients at increased risk of recurrent sepsis and may support early immune risk stratification.

Keywords:
Sepsis
Lymphopenia
Immunosuppression
Second septic event
Intensive care
Competing risks
Resumen
Objetivo

Evaluar si las trayectorias tempranas de linfocitos, integrando tanto la profundidad como la duración de la linfopenia, predicen sepsis recurrente en pacientes críticos.

Diseño

Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo multicéntrico en dos centros.

Ámbito

Unidades de cuidados intensivos de dos hospitales terciarios.

Pacientes o participantes

Pacientes adultos con sepsis o shock séptico entre enero de 2011 y julio de 2024.

Intervenciones

Ninguna.

Variables de interés principales

La linfopenia temprana se cuantificó como: (1) días con ALC ≤ 1000 o ≤500 células/µL, y (2) promedio ponderado en el tiempo a 48 horas (TWA-L). La sepsis recurrente (≥7 días) se analizó mediante modelos de Fine-Gray, considerando la muerte sin recurrencia como evento competitivo.

Resultados

Entre 4.701 pacientes, 429 (9,1%) desarrollaron sepsis recurrente y 972 (20,8%) fallecieron sin recurrencia. La linfopenia profunda (ALC ≤ 500 células/µL) mostró una relación dosis-respuesta: en comparación con 0 días, 1 y 2 días se asociaron con subdistribution hazard ratios (sHR) ajustados de 1,61 (IC 95% 1,22–2,13) y 2,22 (IC 95% 1,74–2,84), respectivamente. Un mayor TWA-L ≤500/µL también se asoció de forma independiente con mayor riesgo, mientras que la linfopenia más leve (≤1000/µL) mostró asociaciones más débiles e inconsistentes.

Conclusiones

La linfopenia profunda temprana y sostenida (ALC ≤ 500/µL), cuantificada por duración o carga acumulada, identifica a los pacientes con mayor riesgo de sepsis recurrente y puede contribuir a la estratificación temprana del riesgo inmunológico.

Palabras clave:
Sepsis
Linfopenia
Inmunosupresión
Sepsis recurrente
Cuidados intensivos
Riesgos competitivos

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