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Original article
Available online 4 February 2026

Ventilator-associated pneumonia and prior antibiotic exposure in intubated patients due to depressed consciousness

Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica y exposición previa a antibiótico en pacientes intubados por bajo nivel de conciencia
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Laura Claveriasa,b,
Corresponding author
lclaverias.hj23.ics@gencat.cat

Corresponding author.
, Julen Berruetaa,c, Romina Martíneza, Alejandro García-Martíneza,c, Pau Ortsa,c, Sara Manriquea, Josep Gómezb,c,d, María Bodía,b,e,f, Juan J. Guardiolag, Ignacio Martín-Loechesh, Alejandro Rodrígueza,b,e,i
a Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
b IISPV (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Pere Virgili), 43005 Tarragona, Spain
c Tarragona Health Data Research Working Group (THeDaR), 43005 Tarragona, Spain
d Technical Secretary's Department, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
e Centre for Biomedical Research Network Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 43005 Tarragona, Spain
f Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rovira and Virgili University, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
g Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
h Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’ Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
i Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Rovira and Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Abstract
Objective

To evaluate the impact of antibiotic therapy within the first 24 h of admission on the development of VAP occurring in the first week (VAPFW) in patients admitted with low level of consciousness.

Desing

Cohort retrospective observational study, from January 1, 2014, to December 1, 2024

Setting

24-bed general Intensive Care Unit of a secondary hospital.

Patients

Admitted with decreased level of consciousness or TBI with or without other trauma associated, who required mechanical ventilation for >48 h. A total of 449 patients were included. Median age was 57.2 years, and 67.4% were male.

Interventions

No interventions were performed.

Main variables of interest

Demographic variables, APACHE and SAPS II scores, reason for ICU admission, antibiotic administration in the first 24 h, development of VAPFW. Length of stay, days of mechanical ventilation and ICU mortality.

Results

Only 38 (8.5%) were diagnosed with VAP. A total of 242 patients (53.8%) received antibiotic treatment. There were no differences in the incidence of VAPFW between patients with and without antibiotic (8.2% vs 8.7%, p = 0.99). After Propensity Score matching, Cox proportional hazards model showed that antibiotic administration was associated with a 62% lower proportional daily risk of developing VAPFW (HR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.17–0.83). This protective effect was not confirmed in multiple logistic regression (OR 0.45, CI 95% 0.18–1.1, P = 0.08).

Conclusions

In ICUs with low incidence of VAPFW, administration of prophylactic antibiotics to patients intubated for low level of consciousness does not appear to confer a meaningful reduction in VAPFW risk.

Keywords:
Antibiotic
Ventilator associated pneumonia
Coma
Resumen
Objetivo

Evaluar el impacto de la administración de antibióticos en las primeras 24 horas de ingreso sobre el desarrollo de NAV en la primera semana (NAVPS) en pacientes admitidos por bajo nivel de conciencia.

Diseño

Estudio observacional de cohortes retrospectivo, entre el 1 de enero de 2014 y el 1 de diciembre de 2024.

Ámbito

UCI polivalente de 24 camas en un hospital de segundo nivel.

Pacientes

Ingresados por disminución del nivel de conciencia o TCE, con o sin otros traumatismos asociados, que requirieron ventilación mecánica >48 horas. Se incluyeron 449 pacientes; edad media 57,2 años, 67,4% varones.

Intervenciones

No se realizaron intervenciones.

Variables de interés principal

Datos demográficos, puntuaciones APACHE y SAPS II, motivo de ingreso, administración de antibióticos en las primeras 24 horas, desarrollo de NAVPS, estancia, días de ventilación mecánica y mortalidad en UCI.

Resultados

Solo 38 pacientes (8,5%) desarrollaron NAVPS. En total, 242 (53,8%) recibieron antibióticos. No hubo diferencias en la incidencia de NAVPS entre los tratados y los no tratados (8,2% vs. 8,7%; p = 0,99). Tras el emparejamiento por propensity score, el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox mostró que la antibioterapia se asoció con un 62% menos de riesgo proporcional diario de NAV (HR 0,38; IC95% 0,17–0,83). Sin embargo, este efecto protector no se confirmó en la regresión logística múltiple (OR 0,45; IC95% 0,18–1,1; p = 0,08).

Conclusiones

En UCIs con baja incidencia de NAVPS, la administración de antibióticos profilácticos en pacientes intubados por bajo nivel de conciencia no parece aportar una reducción significativa del riesgo.

Palabras clave:
Antibiótico
Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
Coma

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