LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Antibiotic resistance: thinking outside the hospital
Resistencia a antibióticos: pensando fuera del hospital
A.J. Roldán-Reina
, R. Martín-Bermúdez, Y. Corcia-Palomo, L. Martín-Villén
Autor para correspondencia
roldanyreina@gmail.com
Corresponding author. Álvaro Jesús Roldán Reina, C/San Vicente 22, escalera 1, 1/A. Tel.: +699259124.
Corresponding author. Álvaro Jesús Roldán Reina, C/San Vicente 22, escalera 1, 1/A. Tel.: +699259124.
Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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Roldán-Reina, R. Martín-Bermúdez, Y. Corcia-Palomo, L. Martín-Villén" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A.J." "apellidos" => "Roldán-Reina" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "roldanyreina@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Martín-Bermúdez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Corcia-Palomo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Martín-Villén" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. Álvaro Jesús Roldán Reina, C/San Vicente 22, escalera 1, 1/A. Tel.: +699259124." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Resistencia a antibióticos: pensando fuera del hospital" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have read with some interest an article published recently in the journal, related to antibiotic prophylaxis against ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with coma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The randomized clinical trial (RCT) developed in 1997 by Dr. Sirvent and his group <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> showed the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis against VAP on intubated patients with structural coma. Other authors, with different methodologies (type of antibiotic, duration of therapy and design of the study) reached similar findings in favor of the utility of antibiotic prophylaxis after intubation as a preventative measure against VAP, setting a trend in the daily clinical practice of a large number of intensive care units (ICU) worldwide.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We share concerns about progressive resistance to cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate of germs that cause respiratory infection in this group of patients, which would make this protective measure against a potentially lethal complication obsolete.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The protocol of empirical antibiotic therapy for aspiration pneumonia in our hospital includes, as occurs in others, amoxicillin-clavulanate as first choice. Our group has recently performed a retrospective, observational study <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> trying to identify resistance patterns of the most common microorganisms isolated from bronchial aspirates in patients admitted to the ICU after resuscitated cardiac arrest. Patients admitted after resuscitated cardiac arrest during the years 2013–2015 were included. The inpatient cases included met a hospital stay <48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h without prior antibiotic therapy. The patients who had had tracheobronchial secretion cultures in the first 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after hospital admission were selected. A total of 62 patients were included. In most (87.1%), the cardiac arrest had an out-of-hospital origin. Therapeutic hypothermia was performed in 50.0% of the patients. The most commonly used empirical antibiotic was amoxicillin-clavulanate (54.8%), followed by piperacillin-tazobactam (6.5%) and levofloxacin (4.8%). Microbiological isolation in bronchial aspirates was obtained in 24 patients (38.7%). The most frequent were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> (22.2%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> (14.8%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter cloacae</span> (14.8%) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> (11.1%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serratia marcescens</span> (11.1%) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus influenzae</span> (7.4%). It was observed that 48.1% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, 18.5% to piperacillin-tazobactam and 14.8% to third-generation cephalosporin. No microorganism was resistant to quinolones or carbapenems. The epidemiology of our healthcare environment is similar to that described in another recent study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> which showed a high rate of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (15.0%).</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the high prevalence of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant microorganisms isolated in early respiratory infections in these patients, we agree with Dr. Sirvent that the use of more effective antibiotics should be assessed instead of cefuroxime or amoxicillin-clavulanate. However, it is crucial to take into account the local epidemiology and the individual characteristics of each patient, as well as to evaluate the risk of resistance development that this fact could entail. The design of new RCT's could clarify, in coming years, the best path to follow.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Antibiotic prophylaxis against ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with coma: Where are we now" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.M. Sirvent" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.medin.2016.09.005" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Med Intensiva" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "41" "paginaInicial" => "248" "paginaFinal" => "251" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27998646" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Protective effect of intravenously administered cefuroxime against nosocomial pneumonia in patients with structural coma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.M. Sirvent" 1 => "A. Torres" 2 => "M. El-Ebiary" 3 => "P. Castro" 4 => "J. de Batlle" 5 => "A. Bonet" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154884" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med." 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Octubre | 20 | 25 | 45 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 52 | 37 | 89 |
| 2024 Agosto | 58 | 35 | 93 |
| 2024 Julio | 42 | 39 | 81 |
| 2024 Junio | 47 | 63 | 110 |
| 2024 Mayo | 40 | 33 | 73 |
| 2024 Abril | 60 | 44 | 104 |
| 2024 Marzo | 54 | 29 | 83 |
| 2024 Febrero | 45 | 35 | 80 |
| 2024 Enero | 33 | 35 | 68 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 35 | 38 | 73 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 33 | 54 | 87 |
| 2023 Octubre | 43 | 33 | 76 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 36 | 51 | 87 |
| 2023 Agosto | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2023 Julio | 35 | 25 | 60 |
| 2023 Junio | 29 | 21 | 50 |
| 2023 Mayo | 26 | 24 | 50 |
| 2023 Abril | 36 | 35 | 71 |
| 2023 Marzo | 46 | 40 | 86 |
| 2023 Febrero | 45 | 43 | 88 |
| 2023 Enero | 39 | 25 | 64 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 53 | 41 | 94 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 51 | 30 | 81 |
| 2022 Octubre | 69 | 33 | 102 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 38 | 49 | 87 |
| 2022 Agosto | 60 | 53 | 113 |
| 2022 Julio | 41 | 39 | 80 |
| 2022 Junio | 34 | 30 | 64 |
| 2022 Mayo | 40 | 35 | 75 |
| 2022 Abril | 41 | 36 | 77 |
| 2022 Marzo | 44 | 60 | 104 |
| 2022 Febrero | 37 | 32 | 69 |
| 2022 Enero | 33 | 40 | 73 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 40 | 47 | 87 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 47 | 43 | 90 |
| 2021 Octubre | 64 | 61 | 125 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 30 | 31 | 61 |
| 2021 Agosto | 40 | 41 | 81 |
| 2021 Julio | 39 | 31 | 70 |
| 2021 Junio | 42 | 35 | 77 |
| 2021 Mayo | 50 | 59 | 109 |
| 2021 Abril | 98 | 101 | 199 |
| 2021 Marzo | 73 | 43 | 116 |
| 2021 Febrero | 56 | 35 | 91 |
| 2021 Enero | 56 | 26 | 82 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 34 | 23 | 57 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 32 | 22 | 54 |
| 2020 Octubre | 30 | 24 | 54 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 53 | 32 | 85 |
| 2020 Agosto | 36 | 19 | 55 |
| 2020 Julio | 23 | 36 | 59 |
| 2020 Junio | 22 | 23 | 45 |
| 2020 Mayo | 27 | 13 | 40 |
| 2020 Abril | 43 | 25 | 68 |
| 2020 Marzo | 17 | 21 | 38 |
| 2020 Febrero | 40 | 33 | 73 |
| 2020 Enero | 38 | 34 | 72 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 49 | 33 | 82 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 37 | 32 | 69 |
| 2019 Octubre | 41 | 38 | 79 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 36 | 35 | 71 |
| 2019 Agosto | 43 | 28 | 71 |
| 2019 Julio | 34 | 26 | 60 |
| 2019 Junio | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2019 Mayo | 43 | 40 | 83 |
| 2019 Abril | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2019 Marzo | 33 | 29 | 62 |
| 2019 Febrero | 30 | 38 | 68 |
| 2019 Enero | 32 | 40 | 72 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 45 | 56 | 101 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 67 | 45 | 112 |
| 2018 Octubre | 67 | 37 | 104 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2018 Agosto | 33 | 21 | 54 |
| 2018 Julio | 39 | 21 | 60 |
| 2018 Junio | 63 | 19 | 82 |
| 2018 Mayo | 40 | 13 | 53 |
| 2018 Abril | 53 | 21 | 74 |
| 2018 Marzo | 55 | 25 | 80 |
| 2018 Febrero | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2018 Enero | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2017 Octubre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2017 Julio | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2017 Junio | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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