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Available online 23 June 2025
Clinical impact of COVID-19 respiratory infection 15 months after intensive care unit discharge
Impacto clínico de la infección por COVID-19 a los 15 meses del alta de una unidad de cuidados intensivos
María-Lidón Mateu-Camposa,b,
Corresponding author
mateu_mli@gva.es

Corresponding author.
, Susana Altaba-Tenaa, Beatriz Boscá-Martíneza, Jesús Camáñez-Fortaneta, Clara Viana-Marcoa, Ana-Belén González-Núñeza, Anna-Rosa Villanova-Landetea, Fernando Sánchez-Morána,b, Raquel Navarro-Alcaraza
a Intensive Care Medicine Department, General University Hospital of Castellón, Avenida Benicassim 128, 12004, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
b Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Jaume I University, Castellón Avenida Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
Received 17 October 2024. Accepted 15 May 2025
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics and severity indices.
Tables
Table 2. Hospital stay and treatments administered.
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Table 3. Symptoms and quality of life at 15 months post-ICU discharge.
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Table 4. Six minute walk test and Timed Up and Go test.
Tables
Table 5. Assessment of the Beck Anxiety Inventory, PTSD, and Somatic Symptoms Related to Anxiety.
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Abstract
Objectives

To determine the prevalence of persistent COVID-19 symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 patients 15 months after ICU discharge,their impact on physical, psychological, and neurocognitive domains, and the burden on primary caregivers.

Design

Descriptive, ambispective observational study.

Setting

Intensive Care Unit from a tertiary-level hospital.

Patients

SARS-CoV-2 patients discharged from ICU.

Main variables of interest

demographics and hospitalization data. Questionnaires assesing persistent COVID symptoms, functional tests (6-Minute Walk Test), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory), PTSD and Zarit Caregiver Burden scales. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata for Mac, version 14.2.

Results

85 patients were evaluated, with a median age of 60.3 years (IQR 54.0–68.9), 70.6% males. A high percentage of patients reported musculoskeletal disorders such as arthralgia (44.7%) and myalgia (38.2%), cognitive impairments (52.9%), sleep disturbances (34.1%), asthenia (44.5%) and anxiety (34.5%). The overall BAI score was 2 (0–9), with paraesthesia being the most common symptom. Additionally, 29.4% of patients reported “fear of the worst”, 35% had unpleasant or recurrent memories of their ICU stay, and 16.4% were unable to relax (moderate/severe degree). Interviews with primary caregivers revealed that 22.2% reported caregiving as a significant burden.

Conclusions

persistent COVID affects three primary functional domains: physical, cognitive and psychological, as well as on primary caregivers concerns and burdens.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Intensive Care Unit
Post-COVID syndrome
Long COVID
Post-Intensive Care Syndrome
Resumen
Objetivos

Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas persistentes de COVID en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2, 15 meses tras el alta de UCI, su impacto en los dominios físico, psicológico y neurocognitivo, y la carga en los cuidadores principales.

Diseño

Estudio observacional descriptivo, ambispectivo.

Ámbito

Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital de tercer nivel.

Pacientes

Pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 dados de alta de UCI.

Variables de interés principales

Datos demográficos y de hospitalización. Se aplicaron cuestionarios de síntomas persistentes de COVID, pruebas funcionales (Test de la Marcha de 6 Minutos), ansiedad (Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (IAB)), Escala de TEPT y de Zarit. Análisis estadístico mediante Stata para Mac, versión 14.2.

Resultados

Se valoraron 85 pacientes, mediana de edad 60,3 años (RIC 54,0-68,9) y 70,6% hombres. Alto porcentaje de pacientes refirió trastornos musculoesqueléticos, artralgias (44,7%) y mialgias (38,2%), alteraciones cognitivas (52,9%), trastornos del sueño (34,1%), astenia (44,5%) y ansiedad (34,5%). La puntuación global en el IAB fue de 2 (0-9), siendo la parestesia el síntoma más común. El 29,4% de los pacientes manifestó temor a lo peor, el 35% recuerdos desagradables o recurrentes de su estancia en la UCI y el 16,4% no poder relajarse (grado moderado/severo). El 22,2% de los cuidadores refirió el cuidado como una carga significativa.

Conclusiones

El COVID prolongado afecta a tres dominios funcionales principales: físico, cognitivo y psicológico, así como a las preocupaciones y cargas de los cuidadores principales.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos
Síndrome Post-COVID
COVID persistente
Síndrome postcuidados intensivos

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