Journal Information
Vol. 45. Issue 7.
Pages 431-436 (October 2021)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
2476
Vol. 45. Issue 7.
Pages 431-436 (October 2021)
Special article
Full text access
Aggressive alveolar recruitment in ARDS: More shadows than lights
Reclutamiento alveolar agresivo en el SDRA: más sombras que luces
Visits
2476
M. Lomelia, L. Dominguez Cenzanob, L. Torresc, U. Chavarríad, M. Poblanoe, F. Tendillof, L. Blanchg,
Corresponding author
lblanch@tauli.cat

Corresponding author.
, J. Manceboh
a Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Hospital H+ Querétaro, Grupo Ventilación Mecánica México, Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica
b Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Cuidados Intensivos, Politraumáticos y Gran Quemado, Unidad de Investigación de Neurocirugía y Neurotraumatología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
c Hospital H+ Querétaro, Grupo Ventilación Mecánica México, Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica
d Centro de prevención y Rehabilitación de Enfermedades Pulmonares, Hospital Universitario UANL, Monterrey México, Grupo Ventilación Mecánica México, Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica
e Hospital H+ Querétaro, Grupo Ventilación Mecánica México, Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica
f Medical and Surgical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid
g Servei Medicina Intensiva, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitario, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Parc Taulí, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid
h Servei Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Abstract

Alveolar recruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as the penetration of gas into previously unventilated areas or poorly ventilated areas. Alveolar recruitment during recruitment maneuvering (RM) depends on the duration of the maneuver, the recruitable lung tissue, and the balance between the recruitment of collapsed areas and over-insufflation of the ventilated areas. Alveolar recruitment is estimated using computed tomography of the lung and, at the patient bedside, through assessment of the recruited volume using pressure-volume curves and assessing lung morphology with pulmonary ultrasound and/or impedance tomography. The scientific evidence on RM in patients with ARDS remains subject to controversy. Randomized studies on ARDS have shown no benefit or have even reflected an increase in mortality. The routine use of RM is therefore not recommended.

Keywords:
Alveolar recruitment
Mechanical ventilation
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Lung damage
Resumen

Reclutamiento alveolar en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) se define como la entrada de gas en zonas previamente no ventiladas o en zonas pobremente ventiladas. El reclutamiento alveolar durante una maniobra de reclutamiento (MR) dependerá de la duración de la maniobra, del tejido pulmonar reclutable, del balance entre reclutamiento de áreas colapsadas y sobredistensión de las áreas ventiladas. La estimación del reclutamiento alveolar se realiza con la tomografía computarizada de tórax y, a pie de cama, con la construcción de curvas de volumen y presión, la ecografía pulmonar y la tomografía por impedancia. La evidencia científica nos indica que la utilización de las MR en pacientes con SDRA sigue sujeta a controversia. Estudios aleatorizados del SDRA o bien no han demostrado beneficio o bien han revelado un incremento de la mortalidad y, por ello, no se recomienda su uso rutinario.

Palabras clave:
Reclutamiento Alveolar
Ventilación mecánica
Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo
Daño Pulmonar
Full Text
Definition of recruitment

No universally accepted definition from either the anatomical/morphological perspective or the functional viewpoint has been established for alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).1,2 This is due to the methodology used for the analysis and quantification of alveolar recruitment. The commonly accepted definition of recruitment is based on the pulmonary tomographic evaluation of gas penetration into previously unventilated areas of the lungs – including or not the penetration of gas into poorly ventilated zones.3,4 This evaluation is made in accordance with the modification of the radiological density range within the lungs. When using methods based on pulmonary mechanics or the dilution of inert gases, recruitment takes into account both the gas that has penetrated into previously unventilated zones and the gas that has penetrated into partially ventilated zones.4,5

Types of recruitment maneuvers

An alveolar recruitment maneuver (RM) consists of a transient increase in alveolar pressure to levels above those of protective ventilation. Alveolar recruitment during RM depends on a number of factors: the duration of the maneuver, the existence of recruitable lung tissue, the balance between recruitment of collapsed areas and overdistension of ventilated areas, the hemodynamic response during the maneuver (which largely determine its tolerance) and the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) required after RM. This PEEP level after RM is usually adjusted according to the increase in pulmonary compliance or a sustained increase in oxygenation.6–9 Many alveolar recruitment procedures have been described, of which two are the most widely used6,10,11:

  • -

    Application of CPAP between 30–40 cmH2O during a period of 30–40 s.

  • -

    Pressure control ventilation and the elevation of PEEP to limits of 30–40 cmH2O with peak pressures no higher than 50–60 cmH2O.

Maneuvers with sustained CPAP produce more marked reductions of cardiac output and arterial pressure than pressure control ventilation recruitment maneuvering – probably because the latter affords a limited and intermittent peak inspiratory pressure within the airway, which allows venous return, in contrast to the constant pressure of maneuvering with CPAP.6,12 To date, no studies have compared the incidence of barotrauma or the impact upon mortality according to the type of recruitment maneuver used.

The degree of hemodynamic impairment produced by RM is largely dependent upon the volemia level at the time of the maneuver. Experimental studies have shown that the hemodynamic effects of RM can be enhanced by hypovolemia – the main underlying mechanism being the drop in venous return and ventricular filling. Asystolia may result in extreme cases. In normovolemic situations, the increase in right ventricle afterload due to the elevation of intrathoracic pressure is the main cause of lowered cardiac output.12–15

Estimation of recruitment

Imaging and lung mechanical studies show that alveolar recruitment takes place from the start of insufflation to the end of the latter.16 Thus, a fundamental characteristic of recruitment is that it occurs during inspiration. In this regard, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) per se does not give rise to recruitment, but rather avoids derecruitment and expiratory alveolar collapse.1,2

Consequently, the magnitude of recruitment will depend on the end-inspiratory pressure, and for the same PEEP levels, the recruitment observed in patients with acute lung injury and ventilated with low circulating volumes (6 ml/kg) is less than that observed at higher circulating volumes (10 ml/kg).17 However, when patients are ventilated with an airway plateau pressure of about 30 cmH2O, the combination of elevated PEEP with low circulating volume generates greater recruitment than the combination of high circulating volume and lower PEEP. These findings evidence the importance of avoiding derecruitment following any alveolar recruitment maneuver.17

Different methods have been developed to assess the degree of alveolar recruitment. Some of them are based on the plotting of volume and pressure curves, where the PEEP level is modified and an estimation is made of the gain between the increase or decrease in total expired gas volume between two PEEP points. On constructing these two points, any modification of the PEEP level will result in an increase or decrease in expired gas volume: if the latter is greater than expected (determined by compliance and the pressure gradient), recruitment will have taken place.17,18 This principle is also applicable to the gas dilution methods, where evaluation is made of the concentration of inert gases (usually helium or nitrogen), with calculation at different PEEP levels of the greater or lesser dilution of the gas – corresponding to greater or lesser lung volume.4,6

Thoracic computed tomography is the imaging technique traditionally used to estimate alveolar recruitment, and may be regarded as the gold standard in this regard. The technique analyzes the radiological densities of the lung tissue from the images obtained. Density is expressed in Hounsfield units (HU), and ranges from +100 to −1000. Thus, and depending on the authors,3,4 unventilated zones are considered to present between +100 and −100 HU, poorly ventilated zones between −100 and −500 HU, well ventilated zones between −500 and −900 HU, and hyperinsufflated zones between −900 and −1000 HU. Based on the respective densities, calculation is made of the volume of gas in each of the zones and the changes induced by PEEP and/or the circulating volume, thus providing an estimation of recruitment.

More recently, the estimation of alveolar recruitment has been made on a point-of-care and noninvasive basis using imaging techniques simpler than thoracic computed tomography. These techniques include lung ultrasound and electrical impedance tomography.19,20 In expert hands, different lung ultrasound indices have shown good correlation to alveolar recruitment estimated from thoracic computed tomography.21,22 Lastly, electrical impedance tomography allows us to estimate not only alveolar recruitment but also the hyperinsufflation induced by ventilation. Accordingly, it may be a useful tool for individualizing the ventilatory parameters.23,24

Oxygenation is the most widely used method for evaluating the response to alveolar recruitment. The simplest methods for assessing the response to recruitment with oxygenation are those used in the ART study and in the ALVEOLI trial. In the ART study, the criterion for determining the response to recruitment was a change in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio of >50 mmHg, and the method used was the gradual increase in PEEP level with an inspiratory pressure of 15 cmH2O.15 In the ALVEOLI study, the criterion for determining the response to alveolar recruitment was an increase of between 5–9% in SaO2 following CPAP 40 cmH2O during 40 s.25

Recruitment maneuvering in neurocritical patients

Lung–brain interaction is one of the main challenges in the management of neurocritical patients, where it has been shown that hypoventilation and hypoxemia increase cerebral blood flow, resulting in an increased risk of brain edema and intracranial hypertension. Acute respiratory distress syndrome has been associated to high morbidity-mortality in neurocritical patients; alveolar RM is therefore of considerable interest in the management of these individuals.26–28

The benefits of protective ventilation have been well established, in the same way as the benefits of measures such as prone decubitus. Recruitment maneuvers and the use of high PEEP levels have been prescribed to improve oxygenation in patients with refractory acute respiratory failure. However, due to the increase in intrathoracic pressure and the consequent decrease in venous return, these measures may cause deleterious effects such as an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) and a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP).27,29,30Fig. 1 describes the different interactions between intracranial, intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure.

Figure 1.

Multicompartment system of intraabdominal, intrathoracic and intracranial pressure interaction. The increase in IAP and TTP (RM) with low Cs, and its repercussion upon the intrapulmonary pressures, result in an ascending LCR flow during inspiration and difficult JVR, with the consequent increase in ICP. On the other hand, the increase in PEEP (RM), according to volemia status, may result in a decrease in cardiac preload and an increase in right ventricle afterload.

Abbreviations: Cs: pulmonary compliance, TTP: transthoracic pressure, ΔP: driving pressure, PL: transpulmonary pressure, IAP: intraabdominal pressure, PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, JVR: jugular venous return, CPP: cerebral perfusion pressure, ICP: intracranial pressure, RM: recruitment maneuver.

(0.19MB).

Recruitment maneuvering in neurocritical patients is subject to controversy.31 Wolf et al.,32 Pulitano et al.,26 and McGuire et al.33 documented the safety of high PEEP in patients with brain damage, showing that the ICP increments secondary to an increase in PEEP were not clinically significant. Nermer et al.34 likewise documented the safety of RM based on the increase in inspiratory levels over PEEP levels of 15 cmH2O, with the aim of improving oxygenation; their study evidenced no significant changes in ICP or CPP. Borsellino et al.,29 in a systematic review, observed great variability among the published studies, and concluded that there are no scientific reasons for not performing RM in patients with acute brain damage, provided brain perfusion and hemodynamics can be monitored. Lastly, the association between the variations in PEEP and their effect upon ICP is related to the respiratory system mechanics.26,35

In sum, RM based on an increase in inspiratory pressure in neurocritical patients has been shown to improve oxygenation. However, due to the risk of secondary brain damage, such measures should only be adopted under strict monitoring of brain perfusion and hemodynamics – placing priority on the safety of the patient neurological condition, and individualizing each case.

Scientific evidence

The use of RM in patients with ARDS remains subject to controversy. The latest randomized studies on the utilization of RM have unanimously demonstrated an increase in oxygenation, though without improvements in terms of mortality8,36–38 or with an increase in mortality in the group subjected to the optimization of PEEP following alveolar RM.15 It is therefore considered that RM should not be used on a generalized basis in patients with ARDS.2,39,40 Recently, Papazian et al.41 personalized mechanical ventilation (MV) in ARDS according to the radiological morphology of lung damage. The patients randomized to the control group received a tidal volume (TV) of 6 ml/kg and a PEEP level according to a FiO2/PEEP table, and were placed in early prone decubitus, while the personalized group was treated according to the morphology of the lung injury. The patients with focal lung injury received a TV of 8 ml/kg and PEEP between 5–9 cmH2O, and were placed in early prone decubitus. The patients with diffuse lesions received a TV of 6 ml/kg, PEEP to reach an end-inspiratory pressure of 30 cmH2O, and RM. There were no differences in mortality between the control group and the personalized treatment group, though 21% of the patients were wrongly classified due to incorrect identification of the lung injury as being either focal or diffuse. A relevant finding of this study was greater survival in the correctly classified personalized treatment cases and greater mortality in the wrongly classified personalized treatment cases. The study published by Constantin et al.41 evidences the difficult of providing individualized MV in patients with ARDS. Recruitment maneuvering applied to patients with focal ARDS may prove deleterious, since it can induce overpressure phenomena and deformation in aerated lung zones, redistribution of pulmonary circulation towards unventilated zones with an increase in pulmonary shunting, and elevation of the pulmonary vascular resistances and right ventricle afterload – all these phenomena being known to be able to increase the damage already established by ARDS itself.7,12,15,42

Conclusions

Invasive ventilatory support in ARDS should be based on the evidence of a protective TV with early prone decubitus, and on the individualization of PEEP and other adjuvant treatments according to the etiology of ARDS and the morphology of the lung injury.39,40 Alveolar RM has been used as a rescue strategy in situations of refractory hypoxemia, and its application requires good knowledge of respiratory pathophysiology and precise assessment of the impact of these maneuvers upon organs at a distance from the lungs – particularly the cardiovascular system. In sum, RM is a risky intervention when not performed on an individualized basis, and when the response to maneuvering is not adequately monitored.

Financial support

The present study has received partial funding from CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (ISCiii, Madrid, Spain).

Contribution of the authors

All the authors of the VentiBarna group have contributed to the prior discussions on the orientation of the manuscript and its drafting.

Conflicts of interest

The authors of the VentiBarna Group declare that they have no personal or financial conflicts of interest in relation to the present study.

References
[1]
L. Gattinoni, J.J. Marini, A. Pesenti, M. Quintel, J. Mancebo, L. Brochard.
The "baby lung" became an adult.
Intensive Care Med., 42 (2016), pp. 663-673
[2]
J. Mancebo, A. Mercat, L. Brochard.
Maximal recruitment in ARDS: a nail in the coffin.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 200 (2019), pp. 1331-1333
[3]
L.M. Malbouisson, J.C. Muller, J.M. Constantin, Q. Lu, L. Puybasset, J.J. Rouby, et al.
Computed tomography assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 163 (2001), pp. 1444-1450
[4]
D. Chiumello, A. Marino, M. Brioni, I. Cigada, F. Menga, A. Colombo, et al.
Lung recruitment assessed by respiratory mechanics and computed tomography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. What is the relationship?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 193 (2016), pp. 1254-1263
[5]
J. Dellamonica, N. Lerolle, C. Sargentini, G. Beduneau, F. Di Marco, A. Mercat, et al.
PEEP-induced changes in lung volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two methods to estimate alveolar recruitment.
Intensive Care Med., 37 (2011), pp. 1595-1604
[6]
E.A. Suzumura, M.B.P. Amato, A.B. Cavalcanti.
Understanding recruitment maneuvers.
Intensive Care Med., 42 (2016), pp. 908-911
[7]
A. Villagrá, A. Ochagavía, S. Vatua, G. Murias, M.M. Fernández, J. Lopez Aguilar, et al.
Recruitment maneuvers during lung protective ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 165 (2002), pp. 165-170
[8]
R.M. Kacmarek, J. Villar, D. Sulemanji, R. Montiel, C. Ferrando, J. Blanco, et al.
Open lung approach for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot, randomized controlled trial.
Crit Care Med., 44 (2016), pp. 32-42
[9]
T.E. Kloot, L. Blanch, M.A. Youngblood, C. Weinert, A.B. Adams, J.J. Marini, R.S. Shapiro, et al.
Recruitment maneuvers in three experimental models of acute lung injury. Effect on lung volume and gas exchange.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 161 (2000), pp. 1485-1494
[10]
S.C. Lim, A.B. Adams, D.A. Simonson, D.J. Dries, A.F. Broccard, J.R. Hotchkiss, et al.
Transient hemodynamic effects of recruitment maneuvers in three experimental models of acute lung injury.
Crit Care Med., 32 (2004), pp. 2378-2384
[11]
J.M. Constantin, S. Jaber, E. Futier, S. Cayot-Constantin, M. Verny-Pic, B. Jung, et al.
Respiratory effects of different recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Crit Care., 12 (2008), pp. R50
[12]
I. Morán, L. Blanch, R. Fernández, E. Fernández-Mondéjar, E. Zavala, J. Mancebo.
Acute physiologic effects of a stepwise recruitment maneuver in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Minerva Anestesiol., 77 (2011), pp. 1167-1175
[13]
J. Nielsen, M. Østergaard, J. Kjaergaard, J. Tingleff, P.G. Berthelsen, E. Nygård, et al.
Lung recruitment maneuver depresses central hemodynamics in patients following cardiac surgery.
Intensive Care Med., 31 (2005), pp. 1189-1194
[14]
J. Nielsen, M. Nilsson, F. Fredén, J. Hultman, U. Alström, J. Kjaergaard, et al.
Central hemodynamics during lung recruitment maneuvers at hypovolemia, normovolemia and hypervolemia. A study by echocardiography and continous pulmonary artery flow measurements in lung-injured pigs.
Intensive Care Med., 32 (2006), pp. 585-594
[15]
Writing Group for the Alveolar Recruitment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trial (ART) Investigators.
Effect of lung recruitment and titrated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA., 318 (2017), pp. 1335-1345
[16]
S. Crotti, D. Mascheroni, P. Caironi, P. Pelosi, G. Ronzoni, M. Mondino, et al.
Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: a clinical study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 164 (2001), pp. 131-140
[17]
J.C. Richard, S.M. Maggiore, B. Jonson, J. Mancebo, F. Lemaire, L. Brochard.
Influence of tidal volume on alveolar recruitment. Respective role of PEEP and a recruitment maneuver.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 163 (2001), pp. 1609-1613
[18]
B. Jonson, J.C. Richard, C. Straus, J. Mancebo, F. Lemaire, L. Brochard.
Pressure-volume curves and compliance in acute lung injury. Evidence of recruitment above the lower inflection point.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 159 (1999), pp. 1172-1178
[19]
F. Mojoli, B. Bouhemad, S. Mongodi, D. Lichtenstein.
Lung ultrasound for critically ill patients.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 199 (2019), pp. 701-714
[20]
I. Frerichs, M.B. Amato, A.H. van Kaam, D.G. Tingay, Z. Zhao, B. Grychtol, et al.
Chest electrical impedance tomography examination, data analysis, terminology, clinical use and recommendations: consensus statement of the TRanslational EIT developmeNt stuDy group.
[21]
B. Bouhemad, H. Brisson, M. Le-Guen, C. Arbelot, Q. Lu, J.J. Rouby.
Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lung recruitment.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 183 (2011), pp. 341-347
[22]
D. Chiumello, S. Mongodi, I. Algieri, G.L. Vergani, A. Orlando, G. Via, et al.
Assessment of lung aeration and recruitment by CT scan and ultrasound in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients.
Crit Care Med., 46 (2018), pp. 1761-1768
[23]
G. Franchineau, N. Bréchot, G. Lebreton, G. Hekimian, A. Nieszkowska, J.L. Trouillet, et al.
Bedside contribution of electrical impedance tomography to setting positive end-expiratory pressure for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 196 (2017), pp. 447-457
[24]
T. Yoshida, T. Piraino, C.A.S. Lima, B.P. Kavanagh, M.B.P. Amato, L. Brochard.
Regional ventilation displayed by electrical impedance tomography as an incentive to decrease PEEP.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 200 (2019), pp. 933-937
[25]
R.G. Brower, P.N. Lanken, N. MacIntyre, M.A. Matthay, A. Morris, M. Ancukiewicz, et al.
Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
N Engl J Med., 351 (2004), pp. 327-336
[26]
S. Pulitanò, A. Mancino, D. Pietrini, M. Piastra, S. De Rosa, F. Tosi, et al.
Effects of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure in pediatric neurosurgical patients.
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol., 25 (2013), pp. 330-334
[27]
V. Della Torre, R. Badenes, F. Corradi, F. Racca, A. Lavinio, B. Matta, et al.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome in traumatic brain injury: how do we manage it?.
J Thorac Dis., 9 (2017), pp. 5368-5381
[28]
T. Bein, L.P. Kuhr, S. Bele, F. Ploner, C. Keyl, K. Taeger.
Lung recruitment maneuver in patients with cerebral injury: effects on intracranial pressure and cerebral metabolism.
Intensive Care Med., 28 (2002), pp. 554-558
[29]
B. Borsellino, M.J. Schultz, M. Gama de Abreu, C. Robba, F. Bilotta.
Mechanical ventilation in neurocritical care patients: a systematic literature review.
Expert Rev Respir Med., 10 (2016), pp. 1123-1132
[30]
S. Mrozek, J.M. Constantin, T. Geeraerts.
Brain–lung crosstalk: implications for neurocritical care patients.
World J Crit Care Med., 4 (2015), pp. 163-178
[31]
K. Asehnoune, S. Mrozek, P.F. Perrigault, P. Seguin, C. Dahyot-Fizelier, S. Lasocki, et al.
A multi-faceted strategy to reduce ventilation-associated mortality in brain-injured patients. The BI-VILI project: a nationwide quality improvement project.
Intensive Care Med., 43 (2017), pp. 957-970
[32]
S. Wolf, L. Schürer, H.A. Trost, C.B. Lumenta.
The safety of the open lung approach in neurosurgical patients.
Acta Neurochir Suppl., 81 (2002), pp. 99-101
[33]
G. McGuire, D. Crossley, J. Richards, D. Wong.
Effects of varying levels of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure.
Crit Care Med., 25 (1997), pp. 1059-1062
[34]
S.N. Nemer, J.B. Caldeira, L.M. Azeredo, J.M. Garcia, R.T. Silva, D. Prado, et al.
Alveolar recruitment maneuver in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a comparison of 2 approaches.
J Crit Care., 26 (2011), pp. 22-27
[35]
L. Mascia, S. Grasso, T. Fiore, F. Bruno, M. Berardino, A. Ducati.
Cerebro-pulmonary interactions during the application of low levels of positive end-expiratory pressure.
Intensive Care Med., 31 (2005), pp. 373-379
[36]
M.E. Quílez, J. López-Aguilar, L. Blanch.
Organ crosstalk during acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and mechanical ventilation.
Curr Opin Crit Care., 18 (2012), pp. 23-28
[37]
C.L. Hodgson, D.J. Cooper, Y. Arabi, V. King, A. Bersten, S. Bihari, et al.
Maximal recruitment open lung ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (PHARLAP). A phase II, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 200 (2019), pp. 1363-1372
[38]
J. Pensier, A. de Jong, Z. Hajjej, N. Molinari, J. Carr, F. Belafia, et al.
Effect of lung recruitment maneuver on oxygenation, physiological parameters and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Intensive Care Med., 45 (2019), pp. 1691-1702
[39]
E. Fan, L. Del Sorbo, E.C. Goligher, C.L. Hodgson, L. Munshi, A.J. Walkey, et al.
An official American Thoracic Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice guideline: mechanical ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 195 (2017), pp. 1253-1263
[40]
L. Papazian, C. Aubron, L. Brochard, J.D. Chiche, A. Combes, D. Dreyfuss, et al.
Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Ann Intensive Care., 9 (2019), pp. 69
[41]
J.M. Constantin, M. Jabaudon, J.Y. Lefrant, S. Jaber, J.P. Quenot, O. Langeron, et al.
Personalised mechanical ventilation tailored to lung morphology versus low positive end-expiratory pressure for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in France (the LIVE study): a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.
Lancet Respir Med., 7 (2019), pp. 870-880
[42]
E. Piacentini, A. Villagrá, J. López-Aguilar, L. Blanch.
Clinical review: the implications of experimental and clinical studies of recruitment maneuvers in acute lung injury.
Crit Care., 8 (2004), pp. 115-121

Please cite this article as: Lomeli M, Dominguez Cenzano L, Torres L, Chavarría U, Poblano M, Tendillo F, et al. Reclutamiento alveolar agresivo en el SDRA: más sombras que luces. Med Intensiva. 2021;45:431–436.

Copyright © 2020. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC
Idiomas
Medicina Intensiva (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?