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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The communication pathway between the brain and the lung is called the brain-lung crosstalk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Patients with acute brain injury &#40;ABI&#41; have increased susceptibility to pulmonary complications through sympathetic activation&#44; inflammation&#44; intracranial hypertension and immune suppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Furthermore&#44; patients with ABI are at high risk of altered airway patency because of the neurological implication of the central nervous system &#40;CNS&#41; control of cough and swallowing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Consequently&#44; ABI patients present lung complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41;&#44; ventilator-associated pneumonia &#40;VAP&#41;&#44; and neurogenic pulmonary edema &#40;NPE&#41; from long-term mechanical ventilation&#46; In turn&#44; mechanical ventilation is not free of harmful effects to the brain due to complex pathophysiological interactions between intrathoracic&#44; central venous and intracranial compartments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Positive end-expiratory pressure &#40;PEEP&#41; is defined as the alveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure at end-expiration&#46; Careful selection of PEEP promotes alveolar patency throughout the respiratory cycle&#44; improves pulmonary compliance&#44; and enables more homogeneous distribution of the forces of mechanical ventilation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However&#44; recently published guidelines state that what constitutes ideal PEEP to attenuate lung injury and avoid hyperinflation is unknown yet&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> since excessive PEEP may also reduce venous preload and cardiac output&#44; attenuate jugular venous drainage&#44; and promote alveolar overdistension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> In ABI patients&#44; these changes may potentially lead to intracranial hypertension and cerebral ischemia through a reduction in CPP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To this purpose&#44; the objective of this observational&#44; prospective and multicenter study &#40;PEEP-PIC study&#41; was to analyze the impact of PEEP changes on ICP dynamics in patients with acute brain injury&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PEEP-PIC study was an observational&#44; prospective and multicenter study including neurocritically ill patients who underwent invasive neuromonitorization as a part of their standard management&#46; The study was endorsed by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurointensive Care and Trauma Working Group</span> of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine &#40;SEMICYUC&#41;&#46;</span> Ethics Committee approval for the study was initially obtained in the coordinating centre &#40;Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre&#44; Madrid&#58; CEI&#58; 17&#47;221&#41;&#46; Subsequently&#44; all participating sites were required to have the study approved by their local ethics committee&#46; Written informed consent was obtained from patients&#8217; closest relatives&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Study population</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with ABI &#40;traumatic or non-traumatic&#41; admitted to the participating ICUs from November 2017 to June 2018 who underwent invasive neuromonitorization as a part of their standard treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">age&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;16 years&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute brain injury included&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traumatic brain injury &#40;TBI&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-traumatic brain injury &#40;subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive mechanical ventilation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d&#41;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive neuromonitorization &#40;ICP through intraventricular or intraparenchymal probe with&#47;without brain tissue O2 probe&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exclusion criteria&#58; <ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age&#8239;&#60;&#8239;16 years&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inability to obtain written informed consent&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Life expectancy less than 24&#8239;h at investigator criteria&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d&#41;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If during the observation period&#44; the patient is unstable and requires additional therapeutic interventions&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">e&#41;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If During the observation period&#44; the patient is breathing without mechanical ventilation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">f&#41;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If During the observation period&#44; the patient needs additional changes in ventilatory parameters &#40;in addition to PEEP changes&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Protocol</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline clinical characteristics of the patients included were recorded&#46; Baseline ventilatory&#44; hemodynamic and neuromonitoring variables were collected immediately before PEEP changes and during the following 30&#8239;min&#46; The decision to increase or decrease PEEP was taken independently by the attending intensivist at his&#47;her best criteria&#46; We evaluated a maximum of 3 episodes per patient &#40;both in episodes with PEEP increase or decrease&#41;&#46; The difference between the baseline and the value after PEEP increase was considered the delta value &#40;ie&#44; the delta of PEEP was the magnitude of PEEP increase&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No further interventions were performed unless additional changes in PEEP were necessary&#46; In that case&#44; the procedure was repeated&#46; Additional information can be found at the study website &#40;<a href="https://sites.google.com/view/peeppic/p%C3%A1gina-principal">https&#58;&#47;&#47;sites&#46;google&#46;com&#47;view&#47;peeppic&#47;p&#37;C3&#37;A1gina-principal</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Data collection and statistical analysis</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As per protocol&#44; data were collected by local investigators in REDCap &#40;Research Electronic Data Capture&#41; hosted by Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre&#44; Madrid&#46; REDCap is a secure web-based software platform designed to facilitate data capture for research studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Outliers were substituted with median values&#46; In cases where the percentage of missing values exceeded 10&#37; for outcome variables&#44; the missing values were imputed using the mean replacement method&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quantitative variables are presented as either mean&#8239;&#177;&#8239;standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; or as median with the Interquartile Range &#40;IQR&#41;&#44; depending on appropriateness&#46; Qualitative variables are expressed as counts &#40;percentages&#41;&#46; Categorical variables underwent analysis using either the &#967;2 test or Fisher&#39;s exact test&#44; depending on the context&#46; The normality of continuous data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test&#46; As continuous data exhibited a non-normal distribution&#44; we used the non-parametric Wilcoxon test for evaluation&#46; The relationship between ICP and respiratory variables was examined using Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value of less than &#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46; All statistical analyses were conducted using RStudio &#40;version 2023&#46;3&#46;1&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Results</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One-hundred and nine patients were finally included&#46; Of them&#44; the cause of ABI was traumatic brain injury in 54 cases &#40;49&#46;54&#37;&#41; and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage in 55 cases &#40;50&#46;46&#37;&#41;&#46; Chest trauma was present in 25 patients &#40;22&#46;94&#37;&#41;&#46; Mean age was 56&#46;68 &#40;15&#46;34&#41; years&#44; male 71 &#40;65&#46;13&#37;&#41;&#44; median Glasgow Coma Scale &#40;GCS&#41; score was 8 &#40;IQR 7&#41;&#44; mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II &#40;APACHE-II&#41; was 18&#46;17 &#40;7&#46;27&#41; and mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment &#40;SOFA&#41; score was 6&#46;63 &#40;3&#46;17&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Length of mechanical ventilation of the ABI patients studied was 16&#46;52 &#40;9&#46;23&#41; days&#46; In-hospital mortality was 21&#46;1&#37;&#46; Ventilatory modes at the time the analyses were performed were&#58; volume control &#40;59&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; pressure control &#40;4&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; pressure-regulated volume control &#40;27&#46;1&#37;&#41; and pressure support ventilation &#40;9&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Ventilatory&#44; hemodynamic and neuromonitoring responses to PEEP increase are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Ventilatory&#44; hemodynamic and neuromonitoring responses to PEEP decrease are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; Of note&#44; the coexistence of chest trauma did not result in differences of responses of ICP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;276&#41; and CPP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;845&#41; responses to the same PEEP increases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;598&#41; compared to patients without chest trauma&#46; Similarly&#44; after similar PEEP decreases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;962&#41;&#44; no differences between chest trauma patients and patients without chest trauma were observed in terms of ICP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;621&#41; and CPP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;784&#41; responses&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Correlations between ICP and respiratory variables using Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient are depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Significant correlations were established between the increase of ICP and the delta PEEP&#44; delta driving pressure and delta compliance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; ICP increment was higher in patients with lower baseline ICP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; No correlation was found between the increase in ICP values after PEEP modifications and mortality&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In ABI patients&#44; PEEP changes were not associated with clinically relevant modifications in ICP values&#46; The magnitude of the change in ICP after PEEP increase was correlated with the delta of PEEP&#44; the delta driving pressure and the delta compliance&#46; Patients who had lower baseline ICP had a higher percentage of increase in ICP values&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The brain-lung crosstalk has gained attention in recent years&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;6</span></a> because different ventilatory parameters may affect cerebral dynamics&#46; Specifically&#44; PEEP settings might be of paramount importance&#44; since PEEP can elevate intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure and reduce mean arterial pressure &#40;MAP&#41; and cardiac output and&#44; therefore&#44; potentially affect ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and traditionally the trend in the ICU was maintaining low PEEP levels to avoid increases in ICP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> We found that increments in PEEP values resulted in a slight increase in ICP without changes in CPP&#46; However&#44; the magnitude of this ICP increase seems not clinically relevant&#46; Our results are in line with recent evidence suggesting that increments of PEEP can be safely applied in ABI patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;12</span></a> without triggering additional interventions&#46; In addition&#44; slow PEEP augmentation did not affect cerebral oxygenation or cerebral metabolism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and cerebral autoregulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> In this direction&#44; Bequiri et al&#46; have recently showed that strategies including lung protective ventilation &#40;LPV&#41; comprising low tidal volume &#40;VT&#41; and high PEEP are safe and associated with non-clinically relevant changes in ICP in most patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; in our study patients with lower baseline ICP had a higher percentage of increase in ICP values&#46; This has been previously showed by McGuire et al&#46; in their study including eighteen patients with ABI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> PEEP at 5&#8239;cm H2O had no effect on ICP in the group with normal ICP&#44; whereas PEEP at 10 and 15&#8239;cm H2O produced a significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;05&#41; increase in ICP &#40;1&#46;9 and 1&#46;5&#8239;mm Hg&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; in the group with increased ICP&#44; no significant change in ICP occurred at any of the PEEP levels used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In both groups&#44; cerebral perfusion pressure remained unchanged&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The rationale behind this finding was suggested by Li et al&#46; In their study&#44; they tested the hemodynamic hypothesis suggesting that PEEP might exert adverse effects on cerebral hemodynamics by impeding cerebral venous return and thereby elevating ICP&#46; In this approach&#44; the central venous pressure may be an intermediary that delivers pressure from PEEP to ICP&#44; therefore leading to increases in ICP after PEEP augmentation only in patients with baseline ICP close to CVP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; we observed that baseline respiratory parameters were not correlated with ICP increases&#44; but the delta of PEEP and the delta driving pressure after PEEP increase were&#46; The delta of compliance of the respiratory system was inversely correlated &#40;in this case in the limit of statistical signification&#41;&#46; Taken together&#44; these data suggest that ICP increases depend mainly on the respiratory responses to ventilator settings and the intrathoracic pressures&#44; driving to the need of an appropriate personalization of mechanical ventilation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and appropriate intensive care management&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The effect of PEEP on ICP may rely on several factors &#40;lung recruitability&#44; chest wall elastance&#44; respiratory mechanics&#44; intracranial compliance or baseline ICP&#41;&#44; and the results may be unchanged&#44; increased&#44; or even decreased ICP according to PEEP increase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> Robba et al&#46; suggested that PEEP may have a detrimental effect on ICP only when it causes alveolar hyperinflation leading to a significant increase in PaCO2&#44; whereas when PEEP leads to good alveolar recruitment&#44; ICP does not change&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> If intrathoracic pressures are transmitted into the intracranial veins&#44; it can increase the volume of intracranial blood &#40;even if only slightly&#41;&#46; If an incremental increase in the volume of the intracranial contents exceeds the &#8220;compensatory reserve&#44;&#8221; ICP will rise precipitously<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> even as a part of an intracranial compartmental syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In this direction&#44; Li et al&#46; proposed that the intracranial-to-central venous pressure gap predicts the responsiveness of ICP to PEEP in patients with TBI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> which may be of special interest since in a recent study including ICP increases in 142&#47;295 episodes of PEEP increments &#40;58&#37;&#41;&#44; no baseline variable was able to identify this response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some limitations&#58; first&#44; although the number of patients studied was high&#44; the number of patients with baseline high ICP was low&#46; However&#44; since the delta ICP was higher in patients with low baseline ICP we believe that these results can be extrapolated to the whole ABI population&#46; Second&#44; we studied patients with relatively small changes in PEEP values in almost all cases&#44; so we cannot rule out potential clinically relevant increases in ICP values if higher PEEP changes were analyzed&#46; In addition&#44; the population studied was heterogeneous &#40;half of them from trauma and half of them being patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage&#41; and we did not evaluate differences according to different etiologies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> which may constitute a potential area of study&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; PEEP changes were not associated with clinically relevant modifications in ICP values in patients with ABI&#46; The magnitude of the change in ICP after PEEP increase was correlated with the delta of PEEP&#44; the delta driving pressure and the delta compliance&#46; Patients who had lower baseline ICP had a higher percentage of increase in ICP values&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Statements</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ethics</span>&#58; We confirm adherence to ethical guidelines&#46; Ethics Committee approval for the study was initially obtained in the coordinating centre &#40;Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre&#44; Madrid&#58; CEI&#58; 17&#47;221&#41;&#46; Subsequently&#44; all participating sites were required to have the study approved by their local ethics committee&#46; Written informed consent was obtained from patients&#8217; closest relatives&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflict of interest</span>&#58; All authors have disclosed their potential Conflicts of Interest&#46; All authors declare no financial disclosure&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Checklist</span>&#58; We confirm that we have followed &#8220;The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology &#40;STROBE&#41; Statement&#8221; checklist&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Funding</span>&#58; The study was performed without external funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Authors contribution</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conceptualization</span>&#58; Jes&#250;s Abelardo Barea-Mendoza and Mario Chico-Fern&#225;ndez&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Formal analysis</span>&#58; Jes&#250;s Abelardo Barea-Mendoza&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Funding aquisition</span>&#58; N&#47;A&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Investigation</span>&#58; Jes&#250;s Abelardo Barea-Mendoza&#44; Zaira Molina Collado&#44; Mar&#237;a &#193;ngeles Ballesteros-Sanz&#44; Luisa Corral Ansa&#44; Maite Misis del Campo&#44; C&#225;ndido Pardo Rey&#44; Juan Angel Tihista Jim&#233;nez&#44; Carmen Corcobado M&#225;rquez&#44; Juan Pedro Mart&#237;n del Rinc&#243;n&#44; Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou&#44; Luis Alfonso Marcos Prieto&#44; Ander Olazabal Mart&#237;nez&#44; Rub&#233;n Herr&#225;n Monge&#44; Ana Mar&#237;a D&#237;az Lamas&#44; Mario Chico-Fern&#225;ndez&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Methodology</span>&#58; Jes&#250;s Abelardo Barea-Mendoza and Mario Chico-Fern&#225;ndez&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Supervision</span>&#58; Mario Chico-Fern&#225;ndez&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Writing-original draft</span>&#58; Jes&#250;s Abelardo Barea-Mendoza and Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Writing-review and editing</span>&#58; Jes&#250;s Abelardo Barea-Mendoza&#44; Zaira Molina Collado&#44; Mar&#237;a &#193;ngeles Ballesteros-Sanz&#44; Luisa Corral Ansa&#44; Maite Misis del Campo&#44; C&#225;ndido Pardo Rey&#44; Juan Angel Tihista Jim&#233;nez&#44; Carmen Corcobado M&#225;rquez&#44; Juan Pedro Mart&#237;n del Rinc&#243;n&#44; Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou&#44; Luis Alfonso Marcos Prieto&#44; Ander Olazabal Mart&#237;nez&#44; Rub&#233;n Herr&#225;n Monge&#44; Ana Mar&#237;a D&#237;az Lamas and Mario Chico-Fern&#225;ndez&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Methods"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study population"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Protocol"
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              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Data collection and statistical analysis"
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          "identificador" => "xack777225"
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        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2024-01-14"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2024-04-30"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1883697"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Acute brain injury"
            1 => "Intracranial pressure"
            2 => "Positive end-expiratory pressure"
            3 => "Mechanical ventilation"
            4 => "Neurocritical care"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1883698"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Lesi&#243;n cerebral"
            1 => "Presi&#243;n intracraneal"
            2 => "Ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica"
            3 => "Neurocr&#237;ticos"
          ]
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the impact of positive end-expiratory pressure &#40;PEEP&#41; changes on intracranial pressure &#40;ICP&#41; dynamics in patients with acute brain injury &#40;ABI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observational&#44; prospective and multicenter study &#40;PEEP-PIC study&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Seventeen intensive care units in Spain&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neurocritically ill patients who underwent invasive neuromonitorization from November 2017 to June 2018&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline ventilatory&#44; hemodynamic and neuromonitoring variables were collected immediately before PEEP changes and during the following 30&#8239;min&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main variables of interest</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PEEP and ICP changes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One-hundred and nine patients were included&#46; Mean age was 52&#46;68 &#40;15&#46;34&#41; years&#44; male 71 &#40;65&#46;13&#37;&#41;&#46; Traumatic brain injury was the cause of ABI in 54 &#40;49&#46;54&#37;&#41; patients&#46; Length of mechanical ventilation was 16&#46;52 &#40;9&#46;23&#41; days&#46; In-hospital mortality was 21&#46;1&#37;&#46; PEEP increases &#40;mean 6&#46;24&#8211;9&#46;10&#8239;cmH2O&#41; resulted in ICP increase from 10&#46;4 to 11&#46;39&#8239;mmHg&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&#44; without changes in cerebral perfusion pressure &#40;CPP&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;548&#41;&#46; PEEP decreases &#40;mean 8&#46;96 to 6&#46;53 cmH2O&#41; resulted in ICP decrease from 10&#46;5 to 9&#46;62&#8239;mmHg &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;052&#41;&#44; without changes in CPP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;762&#41;&#46; Significant correlations were established between the increase of ICP and the delta PEEP &#40;R&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;28&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&#41;&#44; delta driving pressure &#40;R&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;15&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;038&#41; and delta compliance &#40;R&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#8722;0&#46;14&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;052&#41;&#46; ICP increment was higher in patients with lower baseline ICP&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PEEP changes were not associated with clinically relevant modifications in ICP values in ABI patients&#46; The magnitude of the change in ICP after PEEP increase was correlated with the delta of PEEP&#44; the delta driving pressure and the delta compliance&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:8 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
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            "titulo" => "Design"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Setting"
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            "titulo" => "Patients"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar el impacto de los cambios en la Presi&#243;n positiva al final de la espiraci&#243;n &#40;PEEP&#41; sobre la Presi&#243;n Intracraneal &#40;PIC&#41; en pacientes con lesi&#243;n cerebral aguda &#40;ABI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio prospectivo&#44; observacional y multic&#233;ntrico &#40;PEEP-PIC&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diecisiete Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes neurocr&#237;ticos que recibieron monitorizaci&#243;n invasiva de la PIC desde Noviembre 2017 hasta Junio 2018&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron los par&#225;metros ventilatorios&#44; hemodin&#225;micos y variables de neuromonitorizaci&#243;n inmediatamente antes de las modificaciones de la PEEP y durante los 30 minutos posteriores&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables de inter&#233;s principales</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PEEP y cambios en la PIC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 109 pacientes&#46; Edad media 52&#44;68 &#40;15&#44;34&#41; a&#241;os&#44; hombres 71 &#40;65&#44;13&#37;&#41;&#46; La causa de lesi&#243;n cerebral fue traum&#225;tica en 54 pacientes &#40;49&#44;54&#37;&#41;&#46; La estancia media fue de 16&#44;52 &#40;9&#44;23&#41; d&#237;as&#46; La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 21&#44;1&#37;&#46; Los aumentos de PEEP &#40;media 6&#44;24 a 9&#44;10 cmH2O&#41; resultaron en un aumento de la PIC de 10&#44;4 a 11&#44;39&#8239;mmHg&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&#44; sin cambios en la PPC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#44;548&#41;&#46; Los descensos de la PEEP &#40;media 8&#44;96 a 6&#44;53 cmH2O&#41; resultaron en un descenso de la PIC de 10&#44;5 a 9&#44;62&#8239;mmHg &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#44;052&#41;&#44; sin cambios en la PPC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#44;762&#41;&#46; Se establecieron correlaciones significativas entre el aumento de PIC y el delta de PEEP &#40;R&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;28&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#44;001&#41;&#44; el delta driving pressure &#40;R&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;15&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#44;038&#41; y el delta de complianza &#40;R&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#8722;0&#44;14&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#44;052&#41;&#46; El aumento de PIC fue mayor en pacientes con PIC basal baja&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los cambios en la PEEP no se asociaron a cambios cl&#237;nicamente relevantes en la PIC de los pacientes con lesion cerebral aguda&#46; La magnitud del aumento de la PIC tras el aumento de PEEP se correlacion&#243; con el delta PEEP&#44; delta driving pressure y el delta complianza&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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            "titulo" => "Dise&#241;o"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0055"
            "titulo" => "&#193;mbito"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0060"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0065"
            "titulo" => "Intervenciones"
          ]
          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0070"
            "titulo" => "Variables de inter&#233;s principales"
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          6 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            "identificador" => "abst0080"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andrea Rodriguez Biendicho&#44; Carlos Garc&#237;a Fuentes &#40;Hospital Universitario &#8220;12 de Octubre&#8221;&#41;&#59; Javier Rodr&#237;guez Pilar &#40;Hospital Universitari Son Espases&#41;&#59; &#205;ker Garc&#237;a S&#225;ez&#44; Bego Azk&#225;rate Ayerdi &#40;Hospital Universitario de Donostia&#41;&#59; Alicia Mu&#241;oz Cantero &#40;Hospital Universitario de Badajoz&#41;&#59; Gerard Moreno Mu&#241;oz &#40;Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII&#41;&#59; Ra&#250;l de Pablo S&#225;nchez &#40;Hospital Universitario Ram&#243;n y Cajal&#41;&#59; Victoria Andrea Hortig&#252;ela Mart&#237;n &#40;Hospital Fundaci&#243;n Jim&#233;nez D&#237;az&#41;&#59; Mar&#237;a &#193;ngela Magro Mart&#237;n &#40;Hospital Universitario de Toledo&#41;&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "List of collaborators"
            "identificador" => "sec0050"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heat map showing the associations of ICP and respiratory variables&#46; Pearson correlation coefficients are displayed&#46; Circles representing the strength of correlation are omitted if they do not achieve statistical significance&#46; Blue and red circles represent positive and negative correlations&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlations between the increase of ICP and the delta PEEP&#44; delta driving pressure and delta compliance&#46;</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICP&#58; Intracranial pressure&#59; PEEP&#58; Positive end-expiratory pressure&#59; DP&#58; Driving pressure&#59; Crs&#58; Compliance of the respiratory system</span>&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Boxplot shows the ICP response to PEEP according to baseline ICP&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ARDS&#58;</span> Acute respiratory distress syndrome<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#59; PEEP</span>&#58; Positive end-expiratory pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaO2</span>&#58; Arterial oxygen partial pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaCO2</span>&#58; Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FiO2&#58;</span> Inspired oxygen fraction&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MABP</span>&#58; Mean arterial blood pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CPP</span>&#58; Cerebral perfusion pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICP</span>&#58; Intracranial pressure&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">ARDS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;7&#46;97&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Neuromuscular paralysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;21&#46;01&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PEEP &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;10 &#40;1&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tidal volume &#40;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">513&#46;85 &#40;74&#46;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">515&#46;48 &#40;79&#46;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;433&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Respiratory rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;88 &#40;4&#46;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;66 &#40;4&#46;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;139&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Peak pressure &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;17 &#40;8&#46;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;33 &#40;8&#46;00&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Plateau pressure &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;56 &#40;6&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;90 &#40;5&#46;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Compliance &#40;mL&#47;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;02 &#40;15&#46;00&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;16 &#40;13&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;089&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Driving pressure &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;40 &#40;4&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;76 &#40;5&#46;06&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;42 &#40;0&#46;06&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;42 &#40;0&#46;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PaO2 &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">106&#46;64 &#40;47&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">107&#46;83 &#40;50&#46;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;554&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PaC02 &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;19 &#40;4&#46;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;57 &#40;9&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;032&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FiO2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45 &#40;0&#46;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;46 &#40;0&#46;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PaO2&#47;FiO2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">248 &#40;101&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">247&#40;101&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MABP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;74 &#40;11&#46;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;03 &#40;11&#46;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;39 &#40;12&#46;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&#46;69 &#40;12&#46;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;548&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ICP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;4 &#40;6&#46;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;39 &#40;7&#46;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ventilatory&#44; hemodynamic and neuromonitoring responses to PEEP increase &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;138 episodes&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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            "identificador" => "at0025"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ARDS&#58;</span> Acute respiratory distress syndrome<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#59; PEEP</span>&#58; Positive end-expiratory pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaO2</span>&#58; Arterial oxygen partial pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaCO2</span>&#58; Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FiO2&#58;</span> Inspired oxygen fraction&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MABP</span>&#58; Mean arterial blood pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CPP</span>&#58; Cerebral perfusion pressure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICP</span>&#58; Intracranial pressure&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ARDS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;7&#46;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neuromuscular paralysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;7&#46;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PEEP &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;96 &#40;2&#46;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;53 &#40;2&#46;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tidal volume &#40;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">519&#46;92 &#40;73&#46;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">523&#46;36 &#40;10&#46;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;737&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Respiratory rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;2 &#40;3&#46;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;03 &#40;3&#46;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;805&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Peak pressure &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;80 &#40;7&#46;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;60 &#40;7&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Plateau pressure &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;70 &#40;5&#46;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;3 &#40;4&#46;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Compliance &#40;mL&#47;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#46;50 &#40;17&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;60 &#40;13&#46;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;880&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Driving pressure &#40;cm H2O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;66 &#40;3&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;72 &#40;3&#46;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;667&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;44 &#40;0&#46;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;45 &#40;0&#46;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;042&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PaO2 &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115&#46;06 &#40;31&#46;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">112&#46;76 &#40;30&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;957&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PaC02 &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;43 &#40;9&#46;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;53 &#40;4&#46;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FiO2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;43 &#40;0&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;42 &#40;0&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PaO2&#47;FiO2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">279 &#40;92&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">279 &#40;94&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MABP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;90 &#40;10&#46;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;70 &#40;10&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;281&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#46; 40 &#40;11&#46;30 &#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#46;00 &#40;10&#46;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;762&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ICP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;50 &#40;5&#46;50 &#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 48. Issue 10.
Pages 594-601 (October 2024)
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Vol. 48. Issue 10.
Pages 594-601 (October 2024)
Original article
Effects of PEEP on intracranial pressure in patients with acute brain injury: An observational, prospective and multicenter study
Efectos de la PEEP sobre la Presión Intracraneal en pacientes con lesion cerebral aguda: estudio prospectivo, observacional y multicéntrico
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Jesús Abelardo Barea-Mendoza, Zaira Molina-Collado, María Ángeles Ballesteros-Sanz, Luisa Corral-Ansa, Maite Misis del Campo, Cándido Pardo-Rey, Juan Angel Tihista-Jiménez, Carmen Corcobado-Márquez, Juan Pedro Martín del Rincón, Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou, Luis Alfonso Marcos-Prieto, Ander Olazabal-Martínez, Rubén Herrán-Monge, Ana María Díaz-Lamas, Mario Chico-Fernández
Corresponding author
Intensive Medicine Department, UCI de Trauma y Emergencias, UCITE, Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Ventilatory, hemodynamic and neuromonitoring responses to PEEP increase (n = 138 episodes).
Table 2. Ventilatory, hemodynamic and neuromonitoring responses to PEEP decrease (n = 66 episodes).
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Abstract
Objective

To analyze the impact of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) changes on intracranial pressure (ICP) dynamics in patients with acute brain injury (ABI).

Design

Observational, prospective and multicenter study (PEEP-PIC study).

Setting

Seventeen intensive care units in Spain.

Patients

Neurocritically ill patients who underwent invasive neuromonitorization from November 2017 to June 2018.

Interventions

Baseline ventilatory, hemodynamic and neuromonitoring variables were collected immediately before PEEP changes and during the following 30 min.

Main variables of interest

PEEP and ICP changes.

Results

One-hundred and nine patients were included. Mean age was 52.68 (15.34) years, male 71 (65.13%). Traumatic brain injury was the cause of ABI in 54 (49.54%) patients. Length of mechanical ventilation was 16.52 (9.23) days. In-hospital mortality was 21.1%. PEEP increases (mean 6.24–9.10 cmH2O) resulted in ICP increase from 10.4 to 11.39 mmHg, P < .001, without changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) (P = .548). PEEP decreases (mean 8.96 to 6.53 cmH2O) resulted in ICP decrease from 10.5 to 9.62 mmHg (P = .052), without changes in CPP (P = .762). Significant correlations were established between the increase of ICP and the delta PEEP (R = 0.28, P < .001), delta driving pressure (R = 0.15, P = .038) and delta compliance (R = −0.14, P = .052). ICP increment was higher in patients with lower baseline ICP.

Conclusions

PEEP changes were not associated with clinically relevant modifications in ICP values in ABI patients. The magnitude of the change in ICP after PEEP increase was correlated with the delta of PEEP, the delta driving pressure and the delta compliance.

Keywords:
Acute brain injury
Intracranial pressure
Positive end-expiratory pressure
Mechanical ventilation
Neurocritical care
Resumen
Objetivo

Analizar el impacto de los cambios en la Presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP) sobre la Presión Intracraneal (PIC) en pacientes con lesión cerebral aguda (ABI).

Diseño

Estudio prospectivo, observacional y multicéntrico (PEEP-PIC).

Ámbito

Diecisiete Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en España.

Pacientes

Pacientes neurocríticos que recibieron monitorización invasiva de la PIC desde Noviembre 2017 hasta Junio 2018.

Intervenciones

Se recogieron los parámetros ventilatorios, hemodinámicos y variables de neuromonitorización inmediatamente antes de las modificaciones de la PEEP y durante los 30 minutos posteriores.

Variables de interés principales

PEEP y cambios en la PIC.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 109 pacientes. Edad media 52,68 (15,34) años, hombres 71 (65,13%). La causa de lesión cerebral fue traumática en 54 pacientes (49,54%). La estancia media fue de 16,52 (9,23) días. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 21,1%. Los aumentos de PEEP (media 6,24 a 9,10 cmH2O) resultaron en un aumento de la PIC de 10,4 a 11,39 mmHg, P < .001, sin cambios en la PPC (P = ,548). Los descensos de la PEEP (media 8,96 a 6,53 cmH2O) resultaron en un descenso de la PIC de 10,5 a 9,62 mmHg (P = ,052), sin cambios en la PPC (P = ,762). Se establecieron correlaciones significativas entre el aumento de PIC y el delta de PEEP (R = 0,28, P < ,001), el delta driving pressure (R = 0,15, P = ,038) y el delta de complianza (R = −0,14, P = ,052). El aumento de PIC fue mayor en pacientes con PIC basal baja.

Conclusiones

Los cambios en la PEEP no se asociaron a cambios clínicamente relevantes en la PIC de los pacientes con lesion cerebral aguda. La magnitud del aumento de la PIC tras el aumento de PEEP se correlacionó con el delta PEEP, delta driving pressure y el delta complianza.

Palabras clave:
Lesión cerebral
Presión intracraneal
Ventilación mecánica
Neurocríticos

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