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Vol. 48. Issue 5.
Pages 282-295 (May 2024)
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Vol. 48. Issue 5.
Pages 282-295 (May 2024)
Update in intensive care medicine: Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock as a health issue. Physiology, classification, and detection
El shock cardiogénico como problema de salud. Fisiología, clasificación y detección
Luis Zapataa,
Corresponding author
LZapata@santpau.cat

Corresponding author.
, Rocío Gómez-Lópezb, Celina Llanos-Jorgec, Jorge Duertod, Luis Martin-Villene
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
c Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
e Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
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Figures (5)
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Descriptors of the different grades of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) classification.13
Table 2. Members and functions of the “Shock team”.
Table 3. Complementary tests in patients with cardiogenic shock.
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Abstract

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a heterogeneous syndrome with high mortality and a growing incidence. It is characterized by an imbalance between the tissue oxygen demands and the capacity of the cardiovascular system to meet these demands, due to acute cardiac dysfunction. Historically, acute coronary syndromes have been the primary cause of CS. However, non-ischemic cases have seen a rise in incidence. The pathophysiology involves ischemic damage of the myocardium and a sympathetic, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inflammatory response, perpetuating the situation of tissue hypoperfusion and ultimately leading to multiorgan dysfunction. The characterization of CS patients through a triaxial assessment and the widespread use of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) scale has allowed standardization of the severity stratification of CS; this, coupled with early detection and the “hub and spoke” approach, could contribute to improving the prognosis of these patients.

Keywords:
Cardiogenic shock
Acute myocardial infarction
Heart failure
Mechanical circulatory support
Shock
Resumen

El shock cardiogénico (SC) es un síndrome heterogéneo con elevada mortalidad y creciente incidencia. Se trata de una situación en la que existe un desequilibrio entre las necesidades tisulares de oxígeno y la capacidad del sistema cardiovascular para satisfacerlas debido a una disfunción cardiaca aguda. Históricamente, los síndromes coronarios agudos han sido la causa principal de SC; sin embargo, los casos no isquémicos han aumentado en incidencia. Su fisiopatología implica el daño isquémico del miocardio, una respuesta simpática, del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e inflamatoria, que perpetúan la situación de hipoperfusión tisular conduciendo finalmente a la disfunción multiorgánica. La caracterización de los pacientes con SC mediante una valoración triaxial y la universalización de la escala SCAI ha permitido una estandarización de la estratificación de la gravedad del SC que, sumada a la detección precoz y el enfoque “Hub and Spoke”, podrían contribuir a mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes en SC.

Palabras clave:
Shock cardiogénico
Infarto agudo de miocardio
Insuficiencia cardiaca
Soporte circulatorio mecánico
Shock

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