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        "titulo" => "Impact of a modification of the clinical practice guide of the American Academy of Pediatrics in the management of severe acute bronchiolitis in a pediatric intensive care unit"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo terap&#233;utico de la bronquiolitis aguda en nuestro hospital tras la publicaci&#243;n de la Gu&#237;a de Pr&#225;ctica Cl&#237;nica de la Asociaci&#243;n Americana de Pediatr&#237;a&#46;</p> <p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ABCDE&#58; evaluaci&#243;n secuencial&#59; BROSJOD&#58; Bronchiolitis Score of Sant Joan de D&#233;u &#40;escala de gravedad cl&#237;nica de la bronquiolitis&#41;&#59; CPAP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva continua en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#59; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#59; OAF&#58; oxigenoterapia de alto flujo&#59; PCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; presi&#243;n parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono en sangre&#59; Sat&#58; saturaci&#243;n de hemoglobina&#59; SSH 3&#37;&#58; suero salino hipert&#243;nico al 3&#37;&#59; TEP&#58; tri&#225;ngulo evaluaci&#243;n pedi&#225;trica&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La bronquiolitis aguda es la causa m&#225;s frecuente de infecci&#243;n del tracto respiratorio inferior en los lactantes&#44; y de ingreso hospitalario en los menores de un a&#241;o de vida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46; El virus respiratorio sincitial &#40;VRS&#41; es el microorganismo causante m&#225;s com&#250;n&#44; aunque son muchos m&#225;s los que provocan esta entidad&#44; con diferencias en la gravedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se define como el primer episodio de dificultad respiratoria en lactantes menores de 24 meses&#44; precedido por una infecci&#243;n de v&#237;as altas&#44; habitualmente en per&#237;odo epidemiol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Hay una falta de consenso con respecto a la definici&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la bronquiolitis aguda en ni&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Existe escasa bibliograf&#237;a acerca de la tasa de ingreso&#59; seg&#250;n la literatura revisada&#44; entre el 2-3&#37; de los pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda precisar&#225;n ingreso hospitalario&#44; y de estos&#44; entre el 3-11&#37; requerir&#225;n ingreso en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos &#40;UCIP&#41;&#44; aumentando el porcentaje hasta el 50&#37; en poblaciones con factores de riesgo asociados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disponemos de escasas medidas terap&#233;uticas que hayan demostrado eficacia en la bronquiolitis aguda&#46; Numerosos estudios han puesto de manifiesto una amplia variabilidad en el manejo terap&#233;utico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; El tratamiento es meramente de apoyo y un enfoque conservador parece adecuado en la mayor&#237;a de los ni&#241;os&#44; especialmente para los m&#225;s peque&#241;os&#46; Probablemente el hecho de que la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes evolucionen favorablemente&#44; independientemente del tratamiento elegido&#44; hace que sigamos utilizando algunos f&#225;rmacos sin beneficio cl&#237;nico demostrado&#44; bas&#225;ndonos en preferencias profesionales o institucionales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;18</span></a>&#46; La bronquiolitis genera un gran problema&#44; ya que la mayor&#237;a de las terapias farmacol&#243;gicas han mostrado ser f&#250;tiles y las actuales gu&#237;as recomiendan su restricci&#243;n en la mayor parte de los casos&#46; En consecuencia&#44; existe una variabilidad extendida tanto de sobre como de infratratamiento&#46; Es muy importante la evaluaci&#243;n del cumplimiento de las recomendaciones internacionales&#46; La bronquiolitis&#44; por tanto&#44; genera un desaf&#237;o en relaci&#243;n con el manejo general de cada paciente&#44; el tratamiento espec&#237;fico y el soporte ventilatorio&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un an&#225;lisis epidemiol&#243;gico&#44; cl&#237;nico&#44; del tratamiento y de la evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave secundaria a bronquiolitis que precisaron ingreso en una UCIP&#46; Por otra parte&#44; se compararon los mismos &#237;tems entre 2 per&#237;odos de tiempo &#8212;pre y pospublicaci&#243;n de la gu&#237;a de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica &#40;GPC&#41; para el diagn&#243;stico&#44; el manejo y la prevenci&#243;n de la bronquiolitis de la Academia Americana de Pediatr&#237;a &#40;AAP&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#8212; para determinar si se hab&#237;an seguido las nuevas recomendaciones en nuestra unidad&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo&#44; observacional y de dise&#241;o post-hoc&#44; en el que se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis retrospectivo de una base de datos de tipo prospectivo de todos los pacientes afectos de bronquiolitis aguda grave menores de un a&#241;o que ingresaron en la UCIP de un hospital de tercer nivel&#44; durante el per&#237;odo comprendido entre septiembre de 2010 y septiembre de 2017&#46; Se trata de un hospital de referencia&#44; con disponibilidad de 320 camas&#44; con un porcentaje de captura del 30&#37; de todos los pacientes hospitalizados en la comunidad aut&#243;noma&#46; Se realiz&#243; el diagn&#243;stico de bronquiolitis seg&#250;n los criterios cl&#225;sicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Se excluyeron aquellos pacientes cuyos padres no firmaron el consentimiento informado para su inclusi&#243;n en la base de datos&#44; y este fue el &#250;nico criterio de exclusi&#243;n del estudio&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el 2010 se cre&#243; en la unidad un registro prospectivo de los pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de bronquiolitis&#46; La base de datos est&#225; disociada para garantizar el anonimato de los pacientes y se encuentra protegida mediante acceso por contrase&#241;a&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron datos epidemiol&#243;gicos&#44; cl&#237;nicos y microbiol&#243;gicos&#58; sexo&#44; edad al ingreso&#44; procedencia&#44; comorbilidades &#40;prematuros o exprematuros<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37 semanas de gestaci&#243;n&#44; displasia broncopulmonar seg&#250;n necesidades de oxigenoterapia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28 d&#237;as&#44; cardiopat&#237;a cong&#233;nita o enfermedad neurol&#243;gica&#41;&#44; Pediatric Risk Score of Mortality III &#40;PRISM-III&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; Bronchiolitis Score of Sant Joan de D&#233;u &#40;BROSJOD&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; etiolog&#237;a de la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda&#44; tratamiento recibido&#44; soporte respiratorio e inotr&#243;pico&#44; necesidad de dispositivos invasivos&#44; duraci&#243;n del ingreso en la UCIP&#44; duraci&#243;n de la hospitalizaci&#243;n global y mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogi&#243; una muestra de aspirado nasofar&#237;ngeo de todos los pacientes para estudio de PCR de virus respiratorios&#44; procedimiento habitual en nuestra unidad&#46; Nuestro laboratorio microbiol&#243;gico determina la presencia de los VRS rinovirus&#44; metapneumovirus&#44; virus influenza y parainfluenza&#44; adenovirus&#44; coronavirus&#44; enterovirus&#44; as&#237; como la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bordetella pertussis</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">parapertussis</span>&#46; Dentro de la infecci&#243;n bacteriana invasiva se consider&#243; la presencia de neumon&#237;a&#44; infecci&#243;n del tracto urinario y sepsis&#44; que se definieron seg&#250;n las gu&#237;as internacionales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Solo se incluyeron los casos confirmados&#46; Se consider&#243; bronquiolitis de origen nosocomial aquellos pacientes que llevaban m&#225;s de 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h ingresados en el hospital en el momento del diagn&#243;stico y comunitaria a todo el resto&#46; Se incluy&#243; la recogida de muestras de hemocultivo&#44; urinocultivo&#44; cultivo de l&#237;quido cefalorraqu&#237;deo en aquellos pacientes con sospecha de infecci&#243;n bacteriana y aspirado nasofar&#237;ngeo o traqueal en aquellos pacientes que cumplieron criterios de sospecha de neumon&#237;a bacteriana &#40;radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax compatible&#44; fiebre<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; PCR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl y&#47;o procalcitonina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se compararon los datos descritos en 2 per&#237;odos definidos entre 2010-14 y 2015-17&#44; de acuerdo con la modificaci&#243;n del protocolo de tratamiento del hospital &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; seg&#250;n las recomendaciones de la GPC para el diagn&#243;stico&#44; el manejo y la prevenci&#243;n de la bronquiolitis de la AAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Como modificaciones a la gu&#237;a de la AAP&#44; se incluy&#243; la prueba broncodilatadora con salbutamol a los pacientes mayores de 6 meses o con predominio de sibilantes para restringir su uso solo a los pacientes respondedores &#40;descenso de 2 o m&#225;s puntos en la escala de gravedad&#41;&#44; la restricci&#243;n del uso de adrenalina nebulizada a los casos m&#225;s graves &#40;los ingresados en la UCIP&#41; como terapia de rescate&#44; el suero salino hipert&#243;nico &#40;SSH&#41; al 3&#37; como diluyente de la terapia broncodilatadora o&#44; de forma aislada&#44; en pacientes muy secretores sin respuesta a ning&#250;n f&#225;rmaco y la indicaci&#243;n de corticoterapia solo en casos de crup postextubaci&#243;n&#44; profilaxis de crup en los pacientes con m&#225;s de 5 d&#237;as de intubaci&#243;n y en la infecci&#243;n por rinovirus&#46; Esta gu&#237;a se present&#243; en una sesi&#243;n general del servicio y del hospital&#44; se colg&#243; en la intranet de la instituci&#243;n y se enviaron correos electr&#243;nicos a todos los profesionales sanitarios para el conocimiento de dichos cambios&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables cualitativas se expresaron como tasas absolutas y relativas&#44; mientras que las variables cuantitativas se definieron como media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar o mediana y rango intercuartil &#40;RIC&#41;&#44; seg&#250;n procediera&#46; La comparaci&#243;n entre variables cualitativas se realiz&#243; mediante el test &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; y las variables cuantitativas fueron comparadas mediante el test t de Student o la prueba U de Mann-Whitney&#44; dependiendo de si la distribuci&#243;n de los datos era normal o no&#46; El valor de significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica se estableci&#243; en 0&#44;05&#46; El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se realiz&#243; con el software SPSS&#174; 21&#46;0&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Consideraciones &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica institucional&#44; en cumplimiento de la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki &#40;&#250;ltima actualizaci&#243;n Fortaleza&#44; 2013&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Resultados</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Resultados descriptivos</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron 706 pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda&#44; 414 varones &#40;58&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; La edad mediana fue de 47 d&#237;as &#40;RIC 25-100&#44;25 d&#237;as&#41;&#46; El 66&#44;57&#37; eran lactantes sanos&#44; presentaban antecedentes de prematuridad 168 &#40;23&#44;79&#37;&#41;&#44; 43 &#40;6&#44;09&#37;&#41; sufr&#237;an alg&#250;n tipo de cardiopat&#237;a&#44; 4 &#40;0&#44;57&#37;&#41; patolog&#237;a pulmonar y 9 &#40;1&#44;27&#37;&#41; enfermedad neurol&#243;gica&#46; De todos ellos&#44; el 5&#44;38&#37; &#40;38 pacientes&#41; hab&#237;an recibido inmunoprofilaxis con palivizumab &#40;30 pacientes con prematuridad y 8 pacientes con cardiopat&#237;a grave&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de ingreso en la UCIP de los pacientes que consultaron en urgencias y fueron diagnosticados de bronquiolitis fue del 7&#44;74&#37;&#46; La mayor&#237;a de las bronquiolitis que ingresaron en la UCIP fueron de origen comunitario&#44; siendo el 5&#44;66&#37; &#40;40 casos&#41; nosocomiales&#46; M&#225;s de la mitad de los casos proced&#237;an de la planta de hospitalizaci&#243;n &#40;386 casos&#44; 54&#44;67&#37;&#41;&#46; Se detalla la procedencia de los pacientes en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; La mediana de la escala de gravedad &#40;BROSJOD&#41; fue de 9 puntos &#40;RIC 7-11&#41; y la mediana del valor PRISM-III<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">&#44;</span> de 0 &#40;RIC 0-3&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La etiolog&#237;a por VRS se dio en 460 pacientes &#40;65&#44;16&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de rinovirus y metapneumovirus en 102 &#40;14&#44;45&#37;&#41; y 21 &#40;2&#44;97&#37;&#41; pacientes&#44; respectivamente&#46; Hubo coinfecci&#243;n v&#237;rica en el 21&#44;7&#37; de los casos&#44; siendo la m&#225;s frecuente por VRS y rinovirus &#40;40&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida de VRS y coronavirus &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se detalla el estudio etiol&#243;gico&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 60&#44;3&#37; recibieron tratamiento con nebulizaciones de SSH al 3&#37;&#46; Otros tratamientos recibidos se reflejan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; La tasa de crup postextubaci&#243;n fue del 10&#44;3&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se inici&#243; antibioterapia emp&#237;rica en el 79&#44;9&#37; &#40;564&#41; de los casos por sospecha de infecci&#243;n&#44; siendo en el 13&#44;6&#37; iniciado por infecci&#243;n previamente documentada&#46; La duraci&#243;n global de la antibioterapia fue de 5&#44;7 d&#237;as de media &#40;DE 4&#44;66 d&#237;as&#41;&#46; Se recogieron muestras para hemocultivo en 521 pacientes &#40;74&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; urinocultivo en 391 &#40;55&#44;3&#37;&#41; y se realiz&#243; punci&#243;n lumbar en 99 casos &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; La infecci&#243;n bacteriana se confirm&#243; en 316 pacientes &#40;44&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#58; 82 fueron sepsis &#40;11&#44;6&#37; del total&#41;&#44; 174 neumon&#237;as &#40;24&#44;6&#37;&#41; y 60 infecciones del tracto urinario &#40;8&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Se consideraron infecciones comunitarias 248 &#40;35&#44;13&#37;&#41; y el resto&#44; nosocomiales &#40;68&#59; 9&#44;63&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Requirieron ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva &#40;VNI&#41; 655 pacientes &#40;92&#44;78&#37;&#41;&#44; 60 con CPAP &#40;8&#44;50&#37;&#41; y 595 con BiPAP &#40;84&#44;28&#37;&#41;&#46; La principal indicaci&#243;n de VNI fue por dificultad respiratoria en 500 casos &#40;78&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; siendo en 65 pacientes &#40;9&#44;21&#37;&#41; por cl&#237;nica de apneas&#46; Precisaron intubaci&#243;n endotraqueal y ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica convencional 262 pacientes &#40;37&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#46; La mediana de duraci&#243;n total de la ventilaci&#243;n fue de 8&#44;06 d&#237;as &#40;RIC 5&#44;58-10&#44;66 d&#237;as&#41;&#46; Estuvieron ingresados en la UCIP durante una mediana de 6 d&#237;as &#40;RIC 4-11 d&#237;as&#41;&#46; Requirieron soporte inotr&#243;pico 118 pacientes &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; con una duraci&#243;n media de 1&#44;16 d&#237;as &#40;DE 0&#44;4&#41;&#44; siendo el f&#225;rmaco m&#225;s usado la dopamina&#46; Precisaron soporte con oxigenaci&#243;n por membrana extracorp&#243;rea 6 pacientes &#40;0&#44;85&#37;&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; 2 pacientes fallecieron debido a la bronquiolitis&#44; uno en cada per&#237;odo&#59; uno fue secundario a infecci&#243;n concomitante por herpes tipo 2 y el otro secundario a bronquiolitis por adenovirus con shock s&#233;ptico viral y evoluci&#243;n a fallo multiorg&#225;nico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Resultados comparativos</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El primer per&#237;odo incluy&#243; 340 pacientes y el segundo 366 pacientes&#46; Cuando se compararon los 2 per&#237;odos&#44; no se observaron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas en cuanto a edad&#44; sexo&#44; presencia de comorbilidades&#44; procedencia&#44; etiolog&#237;a u origen de la bronquiolitis&#46; En el segundo per&#237;odo la puntuaci&#243;n en la escala de gravedad BROSJOD result&#243; mayor &#40;mediana de 10 vs&#46; 8 puntos&#41;&#44; aunque la diferencia no obtuvo significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#46; Solo en el caso de la coinfecci&#243;n v&#237;rica se observ&#243; un porcentaje mayor y estad&#237;sticamente significativo en el segundo grupo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41;&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; podemos decir que son grupos bastante homog&#233;neos cara a su comparaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La administraci&#243;n de nebulizaciones de salbutamol fue igual en ambos per&#237;odos&#46; Se utiliz&#243; m&#225;s adrenalina nebulizada en el segundo per&#237;odo &#40;158 vs&#46; 203&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;021&#41;&#44; as&#237; como m&#225;s SSH &#40;200 vs&#46; 226&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;427&#41; y tratamiento con corticoides &#40;114 vs&#46; 135&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;348&#41;&#44; aunque estos &#250;ltimos&#44; sin significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#46; El n&#250;mero de pacientes intubados se constat&#243; menor en el segundo per&#237;odo &#40;138 vs&#46; 124&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;065&#41;&#44; pero hubo un aumento de los pacientes con VNI &#40;320 vs&#46; 336&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;229&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La indicaci&#243;n de antibioterapia tambi&#233;n disminuy&#243; en el segundo per&#237;odo&#44; siendo del 72&#44;13&#37; frente al 88&#44;2&#37; del primer per&#237;odo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Al comparar los 2 per&#237;odos&#44; la duraci&#243;n de la antibioterapia fue menor en el segundo&#44; con significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;023&#41;&#46; Los pacientes del segundo per&#237;odo&#44; que recibieron antibioterapia durante menos d&#237;as&#44; no presentaron empeoramiento cl&#237;nico ni requirieron mayor estancia en la UCIP&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variables como la mortalidad&#44; el uso de &#243;xido n&#237;trico o de oxigenaci&#243;n por membrana extracorp&#243;rea&#44; la duraci&#243;n de la estancia en la UCIP y hospitalaria global o el soporte inotr&#243;pico fueron similares en ambos grupos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La bronquiolitis aguda es una enfermedad muy frecuente y sigue generando un gran desaf&#237;o en todo el personal sanitario&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a las tasas de ingreso&#44; seg&#250;n la literatura revisada&#44; entre un 2-3&#37; de los pacientes afectos de bronquiolitis precisar&#225;n ingreso hospitalario&#44; y de estos&#44; entre el 3-11&#37; requerir&#225;n ingreso en una UCIP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a>&#44; lo que coincide con nuestros resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El VRS sigue siendo el principal causante de la bronquiolitis&#44; tal y como se describe en todas las revisiones&#44; seguido de rinovirus y&#44; con menor frecuencia&#44; otros como metapneumovirus&#44; virus influenza y coronavirus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a>&#44; concordante con nuestros datos&#46; La coinfecci&#243;n v&#237;rica no es menospreciable&#44; pudiendo suponer un curso m&#225;s grave de la enfermedad y una tendencia a la estancia hospitalaria m&#225;s prolongada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tras la publicaci&#243;n de la GPC de la AAP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> se actualiz&#243; nuestro protocolo para la indicaci&#243;n de las nebulizaciones&#46; Aunque la gu&#237;a es muy restrictiva por lo que refiere a la terapia nebulizada&#44; est&#225; contemplado el uso de adrenalina o SSH al 3&#37; en los casos m&#225;s graves&#46; Se mantuvo salbutamol en mayores de 6 meses que respond&#237;an bien a la terapia&#44; aun sabiendo que no est&#225; contemplado en la nueva gu&#237;a&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El principal tratamiento nebulizado en nuestro estudio fue el SSH al 3&#37;&#46; Se considera su uso en las recomendaciones de la AAP por su probable efecto en el lavado mucociliar&#44; aunque solo hay evidencia indirecta para apoyar tal afirmaci&#243;n&#46; En contraposici&#243;n&#44; el m&#225;s reciente art&#237;culo de Zhang et al&#46; no parece evidenciar efectividad en el tratamiento con SSH al 3&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de no recomendarse el uso de adrenalina nebulizada por no haber demostrado mejor&#237;a en la evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes con bronquiolitis&#44; se sigue administrando en casi la mitad de ellos por mejor&#237;a sintom&#225;tica en algunos pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#44; tal y como pasa tambi&#233;n en nuestro estudio&#46; Su aumento en el segundo per&#237;odo no se puede atribuir a una mayor gravedad de los pacientes&#44; ya que las escalas no difieren significativamente&#44; pero se observa una tendencia a un mayor uso de VNI y menor ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva &#40;aunque sin diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas&#41;&#46; Una de nuestras hip&#243;tesis es que se us&#243; m&#225;s adrenalina por el mayor uso de VNI &#40;ya que no se nebuliza adrenalina en los pacientes intubados&#41;&#44; aunque no se puede descartar que con este f&#225;rmaco se rescaten m&#225;s pacientes que se ahorren una intubaci&#243;n&#46; Ser&#237;an necesarios estudios m&#225;s extensos y con este prop&#243;sito para sustentar esta afirmaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n la bibliograf&#237;a&#44; no estar&#237;a recomendado el uso de la corticoterapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; aunque se utilizaba cl&#225;sicamente en aquellos pacientes con auscultaci&#243;n esp&#225;stica y mayores de un a&#241;o&#46; En nuestro protocolo se administr&#243; a los pacientes que presentaban crup postextubaci&#243;n &#40;que representaron un 10&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; como profilaxis del crup a partir de 5 d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> y en aquellos pacientes con aislamiento de rinovirus como germen causal &#40;el 90&#37; de los rinovirus en el segundo per&#237;odo fueron tratados con corticoides&#41;&#44; ya que parece &#250;til seg&#250;n algunos resultados publicados en la literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#8211;29</span></a>&#46; A pesar de la modificaci&#243;n del protocolo&#44; no se observ&#243; en nuestro estudio una disminuci&#243;n en el uso de corticoides en los pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de bronquiolitis&#44; por lo que deber&#237;a reconsiderarse de nuevo su indicaci&#243;n en nuestra unidad&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cualquier caso&#44; dada la gravedad de los pacientes afectos de bronquiolitis que precisan ingreso en una UCIP&#44; que adem&#225;s suelen ser los de menor edad &#40;en general menores de 3 meses&#41; y en los que la intubaci&#243;n y la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica implicar&#225;n una estancia m&#225;s prolongada y un mayor riesgo de complicaciones&#44; la disminuci&#243;n en la administraci&#243;n de tratamientos es complicada&#46; Probablemente es a nivel de urgencias o de la atenci&#243;n primaria donde se observar&#237;a una mayor adherencia a todas las recomendaciones de la GPC de la AAP&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; es importante recordar el complejo problema con las propias definiciones&#44; que puede dificultar tambi&#233;n la clasificaci&#243;n y su manejo&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con respecto a la tasa de infecci&#243;n bacteriana en pacientes con bronquiolitis que requieren ingreso en una UCIP&#44; se define en alrededor del 40&#37;&#44; similar a nuestros datos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46; La incidencia desciende al 3&#44;5-12&#37; en los casos analizados en otros entornos&#44; como en los servicios de urgencias o en la sala de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; por lo que tambi&#233;n suele ser menor el uso de antibi&#243;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El motivo de que el tratamiento antibi&#243;tico en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda contin&#250;e siendo elevado es la preocupaci&#243;n por la presencia de una infecci&#243;n bacteriana no detectada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; La tasa de antibioterapia en nuestro estudio result&#243; alta &#40;79&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; especialmente si consideramos que la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes no se diagnosticaron finalmente de infecci&#243;n bacteriana&#46; A pesar de ello&#44; dicha tasa es parecida a la que se puede objetivar en otros estudios en UCIP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;34</span></a>&#46; Recientemente se ha publicado un estudio en el que Shein et al&#46; justifican el tratamiento antibi&#243;tico los 2 primeros d&#237;as de intubaci&#243;n de pacientes con bronquiolitis grave al ver una disminuci&#243;n en la estancia media<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro estudio&#44; al comparar las temporadas&#44; se observ&#243; una disminuci&#243;n clara de la indicaci&#243;n de antibioterapia&#44; as&#237; como de la duraci&#243;n de la misma&#46; Probablemente este hecho obedeci&#243; no solo al cambio del protocolo de manejo de la bronquiolitis con base en las propuestas de la AAP&#44; sino tambi&#233;n a la implantaci&#243;n del programa de optimizaci&#243;n de la antibioterapia en la UCIP a lo largo de la segunda mitad del a&#241;o 2014&#46; La implantaci&#243;n de estos programas tiene como objetivo mejorar los resultados cl&#237;nicos y obtener una m&#237;nima toxicidad&#44; con una disminuci&#243;n en el desarrollo de las resistencias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; En el caso de la bronquiolitis grave&#44; las elevadas tasas de indicaci&#243;n de antibioterapia en nuestro estudio y en la literatura en general probablemente precisen de estrategias de retirada precoz de la misma&#44; as&#237; como de desescalado&#46; As&#237; pues&#44; la necesidad de una herramienta de diagn&#243;stico para la infecci&#243;n bacteriana invasiva se establece claramente&#44; ya que los signos y s&#237;ntomas son muy poco espec&#237;ficos y dif&#237;ciles de diferenciar del propio cuadro viral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; El uso de biomarcadores como la procalcitonina podr&#237;a ayudar a discriminar entre la respuesta inflamatoria sist&#233;mica generada por la infecci&#243;n viral y la sobreinfecci&#243;n bacteriana&#44; con lo que se podr&#237;a individualizar la indicaci&#243;n y duraci&#243;n de la antibioterapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; los pacientes del segundo per&#237;odo que recibieron antibioterapia durante menos d&#237;as no presentaron un empeoramiento cl&#237;nico ni requirieron una mayor estancia en la UCIP&#44; por lo tanto&#44; el desescalado precoz parece un procedimiento seguro&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El hecho de ser un estudio unic&#233;ntrico es una limitaci&#243;n para la observaci&#243;n del cambio de protocolos tras la publicaci&#243;n de las recomendaciones internacionales&#46; Este estudio va dirigido a analizar la actuaci&#243;n en nuestra unidad y los puntos de mejora en un futuro&#46; Sin embargo&#44; debido al elevado n&#250;mero de pacientes incluidos&#44; permite una comparaci&#243;n aceptable de las 2 muestras en 2 per&#237;odos de tiempo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La bronquiolitis genera un elevado n&#250;mero de ingresos en los lactantes menores de un a&#241;o&#46; Conocer los datos epidemiol&#243;gicos&#44; cl&#237;nicos&#44; microbiol&#243;gicos y de su evoluci&#243;n nos ha permitido analizar la adhesi&#243;n a las gu&#237;as de manejo internacionales&#44; as&#237; como detectar puntos d&#233;biles y fuertes de los protocolos utilizados a nivel local&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen dificultades tanto para aplicar estrictamente las recomendaciones de la AAP en el grupo de bronquiolitis m&#225;s graves como la universal de modificar pautas terap&#233;uticas ancestralmente arraigadas en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#46; Probablemente ser&#225; necesario revisar la indicaci&#243;n de corticoterapia y nebulizaciones en las bronquiolitis graves&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dra&#46; Carmina Guitart llev&#243; a cabo la recopilaci&#243;n de datos y los an&#225;lisis iniciales&#44; redact&#243; el manuscrito inicial&#44; revis&#243; el manuscrito y aprob&#243; el manuscrito final tal como se present&#243;&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dra&#46; Carme Alejandre conceptualiz&#243; y dise&#241;&#243; el estudio&#44; llev&#243; a cabo la recopilaci&#243;n de datos y an&#225;lisis iniciales&#44; redact&#243; el manuscrito inicial&#44; revis&#243; el manuscrito y aprob&#243; el manuscrito final tal como se present&#243;&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dra&#46; Isabel Torr&#250;s llev&#243; a cabo la recopilaci&#243;n de datos&#44; redact&#243; y revis&#243; el manuscrito y aprob&#243; el manuscrito final tal como se present&#243;&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dra&#46; M&#242;nica Balaguer analiz&#243; e interpret&#243; los datos&#44; revis&#243; el art&#237;culo y aprob&#243; la versi&#243;n final&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dra&#46; Elisabeth Esteban analiz&#243; e interpret&#243; los datos&#44; revis&#243; el art&#237;culo y aprob&#243; la versi&#243;n final&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr&#46; Francisco Jos&#233; Cambra analiz&#243; e interpret&#243; los datos&#44; revis&#243; el art&#237;culo y aprob&#243; la versi&#243;n final&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dra&#46; Iolanda Jord&#225;n conceptualiz&#243; y dise&#241;&#243; el estudio&#44; llev&#243; a cabo la recopilaci&#243;n de datos y los an&#225;lisis iniciales&#44; aplic&#243; el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico&#44; redact&#243; el manuscrito inicial&#44; revis&#243; el manuscrito y aprob&#243; el manuscrito final tal como se present&#243;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir las caracter&#237;sticas y la evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes con bronquiolitis ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos&#46; Comparar el tratamiento administrado pre y pospublicaci&#243;n de la gu&#237;a de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica de la Academia Americana de Pediatr&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo y observacional realizado entre septiembre de 2010 y septiembre de 2017&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Configuraci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Menores de un a&#241;o con bronquiolitis grave&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se compararon 2 per&#237;odos &#40;2010-14 y 2015-17&#41;&#44; antes y despu&#233;s de la modificaci&#243;n del protocolo de manejo de la bronquiolitis en el hospital&#44; seg&#250;n las gu&#237;as de la Academia Americana de Pediatr&#237;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Principales variables</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sexo&#44; edad&#44; comorbilidades&#44; gravedad&#44; etiolog&#237;a&#44; tratamiento administrado&#44; infecciones bacterianas&#44; soporte respiratorio e inotr&#243;pico&#44; estancia y mortalidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron 706 pacientes&#44; 414 &#40;58&#44;6&#37;&#41; varones&#44; con una mediana de edad de 47 d&#237;as &#40;RIC 25-100&#44;25&#41;&#46; Mediana de escala de gravedad de bronquiolitis &#40;BROSJOD&#41; al ingreso&#58; 9 puntos &#40;RIC 7-11&#41;&#46; La etiolog&#237;a por virus respiratorio sincitial se dio en 460 &#40;65&#44;16&#37;&#41; pacientes&#46; El primer per&#237;odo &#40;2010-14&#41; incluy&#243; 340 pacientes y el segundo &#40;2015-17&#41;&#44; 366 pacientes&#46; En el segundo per&#237;odo se administraron m&#225;s nebulizaciones de adrenalina y suero salino hipert&#243;nico&#44; y m&#225;s tratamiento con corticoides&#46; Se us&#243; m&#225;s ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva y menos ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica convencional y precisaron menos soporte inotr&#243;pico&#44; sin diferencias significativas&#46; La tasa de antibioterapia disminuy&#243; de forma estad&#237;sticamente significativa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pese a la disminuci&#243;n en la antibioterapia&#44; se deber&#237;a limitar la utilizaci&#243;n de nebulizaciones y corticoides en estos pacientes&#44; como recomienda la gu&#237;a&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:8 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Dise&#241;o"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Configuraci&#243;n"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Intervenciones"
          ]
          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Principales variables"
          ]
          6 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          7 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objective</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the characteristics and evolution of patients with bronchiolitis admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit&#44; and compare treatment pre- and post-publication of the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guide&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Design</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive and observational study was carried out between September 2010 and September 2017&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Setting</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pediatric intensive care unit&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Infants under one year of age with severe bronchiolitis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Interventions</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two periods were compared &#40;2010-14 and 2015-17&#41;&#44; corresponding to before and after modification of the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for the management of bronchiolitis in hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Main variables</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient sex&#44; age&#44; comorbidities&#44; severity&#44; etiology&#44; administered treatment&#44; bacterial infections&#44; respiratory and inotropic support&#44; length of stay and mortality&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 706 patients were enrolled&#44; of which 414 &#40;58&#46;6&#37;&#41; males&#44; with a median age of 47 days &#40;IQR 25-100&#46;25&#41;&#46; Median bronchiolitis severity score &#40;BROSJOD&#41; upon admission&#58; 9 points &#40;IQR 7-11&#41;&#46; Respiratory syncytial virus appeared in 460 &#40;65&#46;16&#37;&#41; patients&#46; The first period &#40;2010-14&#41; included 340 patients and the second period &#40;2015-17&#41; 366 patients&#46; More adrenalin and hypertonic saline nebulizations and more corticosteroid treatment were administered in the second period&#46; More noninvasive ventilation and less conventional mechanical ventilation were used&#44; and less inotropic support was needed&#44; with no significant differences&#46; The antibiotherapy rate decreased significantly &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despite the decrease in antibiotherapy&#44; the use of nebulizations and glucocorticoids in these patients should be limited&#44; as recommended by the guide&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:8 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Design"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0055"
            "titulo" => "Setting"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0060"
            "titulo" => "Patients"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0065"
            "titulo" => "Interventions"
          ]
          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0070"
            "titulo" => "Main variables"
          ]
          6 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0075"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          7 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0080"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2282
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo terap&#233;utico de la bronquiolitis aguda en nuestro hospital tras la publicaci&#243;n de la Gu&#237;a de Pr&#225;ctica Cl&#237;nica de la Asociaci&#243;n Americana de Pediatr&#237;a&#46;</p> <p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ABCDE&#58; evaluaci&#243;n secuencial&#59; BROSJOD&#58; Bronchiolitis Score of Sant Joan de D&#233;u &#40;escala de gravedad cl&#237;nica de la bronquiolitis&#41;&#59; CPAP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva continua en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#59; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#59; OAF&#58; oxigenoterapia de alto flujo&#59; PCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; presi&#243;n parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono en sangre&#59; Sat&#58; saturaci&#243;n de hemoglobina&#59; SSH 3&#37;&#58; suero salino hipert&#243;nico al 3&#37;&#59; TEP&#58; tri&#225;ngulo evaluaci&#243;n pedi&#225;trica&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at1"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BROSJOD&#58; Bronchiolitis Score of Sant Joan de D&#233;u &#40;escala de gravedad cl&#237;nica de bronquiolitis&#41;&#59; RIC&#58; rango intercuartil&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>706&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primer per&#237;odo &#40;2010-2014&#41;&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>340&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Segundo per&#237;odo &#40;2015-2017&#41;&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>366&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo masculino&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">414 &#40;58&#44;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">203 &#40;59&#44;70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">211 &#40;57&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;579&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;d&#237;as&#41;&#44; mediana &#40;RIC&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;25-100&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;24-87&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;26-109&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbilidades&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ninguna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">470 &#40;66&#44;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">224 &#40;65&#44;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">246 &#40;67&#44;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;653&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prematuridad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">168 &#40;23&#44;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81 &#40;23&#46;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87 &#40;23&#44;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad card&#237;aca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;6&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;6&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;5&#44;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad pulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;0&#44;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neuropat&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;1&#44;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Procedencia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urgencias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hospitalizaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">386 &#40;54&#44;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">190 &#40;51&#44;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otro hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neonatos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Quir&#243;fano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gravedad del ingreso&#44; mediana &#40;RIC&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BROSJOD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;7-11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;7-11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;8-11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;186&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PRISM-III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0-3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0-4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0-3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Etiolog&#237;a&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Virus respiratorio sincitial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">460 &#40;65&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">220 &#40;64&#44;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">240 &#40;65&#44;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;300&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rinovirus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">102 &#40;14&#44;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;12&#44;94&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">58 &#40;15&#44;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Metapneumovirus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;2&#44;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;2&#44;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;3&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;1&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;1&#44;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;2&#44;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adenovirus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;0&#44;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0&#44;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Coronavirus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;0&#44;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0&#44;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enterovirus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bordetella</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;3&#44;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;4&#44;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;2&#44;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Todos negativos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;5&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;5&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;5&#44;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No determinado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;1&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;3&#44;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coinfecci&#243;n v&#237;rica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">153 &#40;21&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53 &#40;15&#44;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;27&#44;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Origen bronquiolitis&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Comunitaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">666 &#40;94&#44;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">322 &#40;94&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">344 &#40;93&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nosocomial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;5&#44;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;5&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;6&#44;01&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BiPAP&#58; ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva con 2 niveles de presi&#243;n &#40;bilevel&#41;&#59; CPAP&#58; presi&#243;n continua al final de la inspiraci&#243;n&#59; DE&#58; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#59; ECMO&#58; oxigenaci&#243;n por membrana extracorp&#243;rea&#59; ITU&#58; infecci&#243;n del tracto urinario&#59; RIC&#58; rango intercuartil&#59; SSH 3&#37;&#58; suero salino hipert&#243;nico al 3&#37;&#59; UCIP&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos&#59; VMC&#58; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica convencional&#59; VNI&#58; ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>706&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primer per&#237;odo &#40;2010-2014&#41;&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>340&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Segundo per&#237;odo &#40;2015-2017&#41;&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>366&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tratamiento&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Broncodilatador&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">241 &#40;34&#44;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120 &#40;35&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adrenalina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glucocorticoides&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antibioterapia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antibi&#243;ticos &#40;d&#237;as&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Comunitaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Comunitaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Comunitaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nosocomial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mediana &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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