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and its use therefore has been recommended in patients with exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; cardiogenic lung edema and respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; the usefulness of NIV in respiratory failure due to pneumonia caused by influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 virus remains subject to controversy&#46; Although ventilation failure rates of 75&#37; were recorded in the first years of the pandemic&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> these figures have gradually decreased to 35&#46;3&#37; in the latest series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The mortality rate among the failed cases varies between 25&#46;6&#8211;58&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;7</span></a> Delays in orotracheal intubation in patients where NIV fails increases the mortality rate&#59; 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The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital&#46; A confirmed case of influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 pneumonia was defined as that in which molecular nucleic acid amplification testing &#40;RT-PCR&#41; proved positive&#46; For this purpose we obtained nasopharyngeal exudate samples in all patients&#44; and respiratory secretion samples through bronchial aspiration in intubated patients&#46; Community-acquired pneumonia was defined as the presence of consistent clinical manifestations &#40;cough&#44; expectoration&#44; fever &#62;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; leukocytosis&#44; and C-reactive protein and procalcitonin &#91;PCT&#93; elevation&#41;&#44; with the identification of alveolar infiltrates on chest X-rays&#46; Respiratory failure in turn was defined by blood gas criteria &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and&#47;or PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We excluded patients under 18 years of age and those in which limitation of life support measures was decided in clinical session upon patient admission or during the subsequent clinical course&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The NIV systems used were BiPAP Vision&#174; &#40;Respironics Inc&#46;&#44; PA&#44; USA&#41; and V60&#174; &#40;Respironics Inc&#46;&#44; PA&#44; USA&#41;&#44; in both BiPAP and CPAP mode&#44; connected to full facial or oronasal interfaces &#40;Respironics Inc&#46;&#44; Pennsylvania&#44; USA&#41; and an active humidification system &#40;Fisher and Paykel Healthcare&#44; Auckland&#44; New Zealand&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Noninvasive ventilation failure was defined as the need to switch to orotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;IMV&#41;&#46; The decision to convert was based on clinical criteria according to the local protocol&#44; considering not only blood gas criteria &#40;impossibility of maintaining SatO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;90&#37; with FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;0&#46;60&#41; but also the persistence of signs of increased respiratory exertion&#44; the presence of abundant secretions&#44; metabolic acidosis&#44; multiorgan failure&#44; encephalopathy or agitation with the rejection of NIV&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic data were collected&#44; together with information referred to previous diseases&#44; patient origin&#44; laboratory test data upon admission to our Unit&#44; ventilation support received upon arrival&#44; and severity scores such as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment &#40;SOFA&#41; upon admission and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II &#40;APACHE II&#41; after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; A history of chronic respiratory disease was also evaluated &#40;asthma&#44; COPD and pulmonary fibrosis&#41;&#46; Hemodynamic failure was recorded&#44; defined as the need to start vasoactive drug treatment before or during NIV&#44; along with the need for renal replacement therapy during the clinical course&#46; In turn&#44; we documented corticosteroid use before or during NIV&#44; and the prescription of oseltamivir within the first 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after symptoms onset&#44; as well as mortality in the ICU&#44; after 30 days and in hospital&#44; and the duration of ICU and hospital stay&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical analysis of the data obtained was performed using the SPSS&#174; version 17&#46;0 statistical package &#40;Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The normal distribution of quantitative variables was assessed with the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; Quantitative parameters were reported as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; or median &#40;and interquartile range &#91;IQR&#93;&#41;&#44; while qualitative parameters were reported as frequencies and percentages&#46; Quantitative variables were compared using the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test or Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test&#44; while qualitative variables were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher exact test&#46; The risk factors were assessed by logistic regression analysis&#44; with calculation of the corresponding odds ratios &#40;ORs&#41; &#40;and 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37;CI&#93;&#41;&#46; Those variables yielding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;20 in the univariate analysis in turn were entered in the multivariate analysis&#46; Statistical significance was considered for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 54 patients were admitted to our Unit with a confirmed diagnosis&#44; and of these&#44; 49 were subjected to ventilation&#46; The patients mainly came from the hospital emergency service &#40;26 patients&#59; 53&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean age was 66&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;77 years&#44; and 29 &#40;59&#46;2&#37;&#41; were women&#46; With regard to disease history&#44; 28 &#40;57&#46;1&#37;&#41; were hypertensive&#44; 19 &#40;38&#46;8&#37;&#41; had diabetes mellitus&#44; 17 &#40;34&#46;7&#37;&#41; were smokers&#44; and 19 &#40;38&#46;8&#37;&#41; presented some chronic respiratory disease&#44; including COPD in 11 subjects &#40;22&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; The SOFA score upon admission was 5&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;5&#44; with an APACHE II score of 16 &#40;range 11&#8211;22&#41;&#46; The prior symptoms had been present for four days &#40;range 2&#8211;7&#41;&#46; Upon admission&#44; 21 patients &#40;42&#46;9&#37;&#41; had not received mechanical ventilatory support&#59; in 22 cases &#40;40&#46;7&#37;&#41; NIV was started&#44; and 6 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41; were directly intubated&#46; Globally&#44; in the course of stay&#44; 43 patients &#40;87&#46;75&#37;&#41; underwent NIV&#44; with a duration of 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;&#177;40&#41;&#59; of these&#44; failure was recorded in 18 &#40;41&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; with the need for IMV&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the distribution of the patients according to the ventilatory support received&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients in which NIV failed were found to have higher SOFA scores upon admission &#40;7 vs&#46; 4&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; were younger &#40;63 vs&#46; 74 years&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#44; had received more corticosteroids &#40;55&#46;6 vs&#46; 12&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#44; developed more early hemodynamic failure &#40;61&#46;1 vs&#46; 8&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and were more often in need of renal replacement therapy &#40;27&#46;8 vs&#46; 4&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; There were no significant differences between the patients with COPD &#40;16&#46;7 vs&#46; 32&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;31&#41;&#46; The failure of NIV was associated to longer ICU &#40;26&#46;28 vs&#46; 6&#46;88 days&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and hospital stay &#40;32&#46;78 vs&#46; 18&#46;8 days&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; as well as to greater ICU mortality &#40;38&#46;9 vs&#46; 0&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#44; mortality after 30 days and in-hospital mortality &#40;44&#46;4 vs&#46; 0&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The identified NIV failure risk factors were early corticosteroid use &#40;OR 7&#46;08&#59; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;23&#8211;40&#46;50&#41; and early hemodynamic failure &#40;OR 14&#46;77&#59; 95&#37;CI 2&#46;34&#8211;92&#46;97&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There currently are doubts regarding the usefulness of NIV in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to influenza A&#46; Nevertheless&#44; and in contrast to the practice reported in other studies&#44; NIV is often used in our Unit as an initial support measure in patients with acute respiratory failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8</span></a> One of the classical arguments for not using NIV &#8211; the risk of contagion on the part of the healthcare staff<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> &#8211; was not seen to apply in our cohort&#44; since no cases of contagion were observed&#46; The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine considers the procedure to involve a high risk of contagion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In our Unit we place an antibacterial&#47;antiviral filter at the ventilator outlet&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The NIV failure rate in our patient cohort was 41&#46;9&#37;&#44; which is lower than in other published studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> Our results are in line with those reported by Mar&#237;n-Corral et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> with a failure rate of 35&#46;3&#37;&#46; This figure is lower than in our study&#44; though their recorded mortality rate in the ICU was comparatively higher &#40;18&#46;4&#37; versus 24&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; Rodr&#237;guez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> recorded a higher failure rate &#40;56&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; though their mortality data were similar to our own&#46; This is an interesting finding&#44; considering that the patients were of similar severity&#44; and that NIV failure has been associated to greater mortality and a poorer prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In our study there were significant differences in mortality on comparing the patients with NIV failure versus those without&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables found to be associated to increased NIV failure were corticosteroid use and early hemodynamic failure&#46; Taking this into account&#44; the lesser mortality recorded in our cohort may have been due to more limited corticosteroid use compared with the study published by Masclans et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;32&#46;65&#37; versus 39&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; The administration of corticosteroids has been related to increased mortality&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> as evidenced by a meta-analysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The data of another more recent meta-analysis of the use of corticosteroids in patients with pneumonia also speak against the administration of such drugs &#8211; though these findings must be interpreted with caution in view of the small proportion of patients with influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 infection included in the analysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; there is agreement that corticosteroid use should be avoided in patients with influenza A pneumonia &#8211; this principle being an important reference in our Unit in the management of such patients&#46; The recommendations of 2012 did not include such treatment as part of patient management&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> A pending issue refers to the discrepancy of corticosteroid use in patients with associated shock&#44; in which the start of corticosteroid replacement therapy would be assessed as part of the integral management of shock&#46; In our study&#44; the patients with early hemodynamic failure received more corticosteroids &#40;54&#46;5&#37; versus 18&#46;8&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; This observation could support the suspicion that corticosteroid use in these patients is largely due to the appearance of shock&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to the benefits of NIV support in patients with COPD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> we observed no differences in NIV success in such patients&#44; and COPD was not found to be independently correlated to NIV failure&#46; This observation is consistent with the data published by Rodr&#237;guez et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> who found the beneficial effects of NIV in these patients to be lost in the presence of a SOFA score &#8805;5&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the important aspects that can also produce controversy is the evolution of those patients subjected to IMV&#44; and the question of whether there are differences between those individuals that are intubated upon admission and those who require intubation once NIV has failed&#46; In our series&#44; with severity scores higher than those in the study of Rello et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> the incidence of IMV upon admission was lower&#46; However&#44; in the series published by Rodr&#237;guez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> the percentage of patients that initially received IMV support was higher &#40;57&#8211;5&#37; versus 12&#46;24&#37;&#41;&#44; and mortality in the ICU was lower &#40;31&#46;3&#37; versus 50&#37;&#41;&#44; despite the few patients involved&#46; Of note is the great severity of these patients in our cohort&#46; The comparison between those patients subjected to IMV upon admission and those that received IMV following NIV failure showed no differences in terms of the duration of stay or mortality in the ICU and in hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to the duration of NIV support and its association to failure of the technique&#44; a number of studies have found delays in intubation to increase mortality in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> However&#44; in our series the patients with NIV failure required earlier intubation&#44; and these individuals consequently received fewer hours of NIV&#46; This may be because the mentioned patients were in more serious condition and moreover presented more hemodynamic failure &#8211; both of these circumstances probably contributing to decide earlier introduction of MIV&#46; Furthermore&#44; the patients with NIV failure required more renal replacement therapy over time&#44; despite the absence of differences in renal function parameters upon admission&#46; Based on these findings&#44; we could consider maintaining ventilation support with NIV in the case no second organ failure occurs &#40;especially hemodynamic failure&#41;&#44; contemplating and limiting it only for those patients who present respiratory failure&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of our study is referred to its retrospective observational design&#46; It is probable that patients with the same diagnosis and a need for NIV support were not admitted to our Unit on the grounds that admission was discarded&#46; Such patients were obviously not included in the study analysis&#46; On the other hand&#44; it was not possible to compile important information such as all the blood gas data&#46; Their inclusion would have allowed classification of the type of acute respiratory failure &#40;for example PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; SatO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; and analysis of its role as a possible prognostic factor in NIV&#46; The selection bias implied by the inclusion of critical patients admitted to the IC likewise means that the results cannot be extrapolated to other patient populations&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we may consider the use of NIV in patients with influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 infection as a first respiratory support measure&#44; particularly in younger individuals with less severe disease and who have not received corticosteroids or developed early hemodynamic failure&#46; The presence of either of the latter two circumstances would be associated to an increased probability of NIV failure&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Authorship</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H&#46; Hern&#225;ndez&#44; A&#46; Navarro and L&#46; Lizama participated in data compilation and generation of the database&#46; In turn&#44; H&#46; Hern&#225;ndez performed the data analysis&#44; as well as drafting and correction of the manuscript&#44; while R&#46; Zaragoza supervised the statistical analysis and reviewed the paper for intellectual content&#46; All authors approved the final version of the article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the risk factors associated to noninvasive mechanical ventilation &#40;NIV&#41; failure in patients with primary pneumonia due to influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 virus admitted to the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#44; and to demonstrate the association of NIV failure to increased mortality and longer stays&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cohort study was carried out&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Scope</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A mixed ICU &#40;16 beds&#41; in a teaching hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adult patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of pneumonia due to influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 virus requiring mechanical ventilation&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Measurements</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Age&#44; sex&#44; severity scores&#44; administration of corticosteroids&#44; oseltamivir within 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of symptoms onset&#44; days of symptoms prior to admission&#44; affected quadrants&#44; hemodynamic parameters&#44; renal failure&#44; laboratory test data on admission&#44; mortality and stay in ICU and in hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 54 patients were admitted to the ICU and 49 were ventilated&#59; 29 were females &#40;59&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; and the mean age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation was 66&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;77 years&#46; Forty-three patients &#40;87&#46;75&#37;&#41; were ventilated with NIV&#44; and 18 &#40;41&#46;9&#37;&#41; of them failed&#46; Patients with NIV failure were younger &#40;63 vs&#46; 74 years&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#44; with a higher SOFA score &#40;7 vs&#46; 4&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and greater early hemodynamic failure &#40;61&#46;1 vs&#46; 8&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; they presented longer ICU &#40;26&#46;28 vs&#46; 6&#46;88 days&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and hospital stay &#40;32&#46;78 vs&#46; 18&#46;8 days&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; The ICU mortality rate was also higher in the NIV failure group &#40;38&#46;9 vs&#46; 0&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46; In the multivariate analysis&#44; corticosteroid therapy &#40;OR 7&#46;08&#59; 95&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>I 1&#46;23&#8211;40&#46;50&#41; and early hemodynamic failure &#40;OR 14&#46;77&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;34&#8211;92&#46;97&#41; were identified as independent risk factors for NIV failure&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with corticosteroids and early hemodynamic failure were associated to NIV failure in patients with primary pneumonia due to influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 virus infection admitted to the ICU&#46; The failure of NIV was associated to increased mortality&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:7 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Design"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Scope"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Patients"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Measurements"
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          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          6 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar factores de riesgo de fracaso de la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva &#40;VNI&#41; en pacientes que ingresan en una unidad de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; por neumon&#237;a primaria por virus influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09&#46; Demostrar que los pacientes que fracasan con la VNI tienen mayor mortalidad y estancias m&#225;s largas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohorte&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">UCI polivalente de un hospital universitario de 16 camas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes adultos que ingresaron en la UCI en los que se confirm&#243; el diagn&#243;stico de neumon&#237;a por influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 y que recibieron ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Variables</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Edad&#44; sexo&#44; puntuaciones de gravedad&#44; administraci&#243;n de corticoides&#44; oseltamivir dentro de las 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de la sintomatolog&#237;a&#44; d&#237;as de sintomatolog&#237;a previos al ingreso&#44; cuadrantes afectados&#44; fracaso hemodin&#225;mico&#44; renal y datos anal&#237;ticos al ingreso&#44; mortalidad y estancia en UCI y hospitalaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ingresaron 54 pacientes y 49 fueron ventilados&#46; Sexo femenino&#44; 29 &#40;59&#44;2&#37;&#41; y una edad media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar de 66&#44;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;77 a&#241;os&#46; Fueron ventilados con VNI 43 &#40;87&#44;75&#37;&#41;&#44; de los que fracasaron 18 &#40;41&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Los pacientes que fracasaron presentaron menor edad &#40;63 vs&#46; 74 a&#241;os&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41;&#44; mayor puntuaci&#243;n SOFA &#40;7 vs&#46; 4&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y mayor fracaso hemodin&#225;mico &#40;61&#44;1 vs&#46; 8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; presentaron estancias m&#225;s largas tanto en UCI &#40;26&#44;28 vs&#46; 6&#44;88 d&#237;as&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; como hospitalarias &#40;32&#44;78 vs&#46; 18&#44;8 d&#237;as&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; y mayor mortalidad en UCI &#40;38&#44;9 vs&#46; 0&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#46; Se identificaron como factores de riesgo de fracaso a VNI recibir corticoides &#40;OR 7&#44;08&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;23-40&#44;50&#41; y el fallo hemodin&#225;mico precoz &#40;OR 14&#44;77&#59; IC 95&#37; 2&#44;34-92&#44;97&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El tratamiento con corticoides y el fracaso hemodin&#225;mico precoz se asociaron con el fracaso de la VNI en pacientes con neumon&#237;a primaria por virus influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09&#46; Estos tienen una mortalidad superior&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:7 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Dise&#241;o"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "&#193;mbito"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0055"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0060"
            "titulo" => "Variables"
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          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0065"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          6 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0070"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Hern&#225;ndez Garc&#233;s H&#44; Navarro Lacalle A&#44; Lizama L&#243;pez L&#44; Zaragoza Crespo R&#46; Factores de riesgo de fracaso de ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva en neumon&#237;a primaria por influenza A en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#46; Med Intensiva&#46; 2021&#59;45&#58;347&#8211;353&#46;</p>"
      ]
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      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of the patients with influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 pneumonia admitted to the Intensive Care Unit&#46;OTI&#58; orotracheal intubation&#59; NIV&#58; noninvasive mechanical ventilation&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">APACHE II&#58; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II&#59; COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; SOFA&#58; Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score upon admission to the ICU&#59; NIV&#58; noninvasive ventilation&#59; IMV&#58; invasive mechanical ventilation&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data reported as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#44; median &#40;interquartile range &#91;IQR&#93; P25-P75&#41; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;percentage&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The analytical data correspond to those upon admission to the ICU&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">SOFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Urea &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">120&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>108&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Albumin &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;55 &#40;2&#46;15&#8211;3&#46;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;2 &#40;2&#46;8&#8211;3&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;7 &#40;2&#46;3&#8211;3&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sodium &#40;mEq&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">133 &#40;128&#8211;143&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;134&#8211;139&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;129&#8211;141&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Potassium &#40;mEq&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;3 &#40;4&#8211;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;2 &#40;3&#46;9&#8211;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Lactic acid &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hemoglobin &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Leukocytes &#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;05 &#40;11&#46;40&#8211;26&#46;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;5 &#40;6&#46;9&#8211;12&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;2 &#40;4&#8211;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eosinophils&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Platelets &#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">198 &#40;102&#8211;259&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">145 &#40;118&#8211;307&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">167 &#40;102&#8211;242&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oseltamivir first 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Corticosteroids<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;55&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Early hemodynamic failure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;61&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Renal replacement therapy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hours of NIV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;27&#8211;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;12&#8211;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics of the patients subjected to mechanical ventilation&#46; Comparison of patients with NIV failure versus success&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Global<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mortality in ICU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;38&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mortality after 30 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;22&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;44&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mortality in hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;22&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;44&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stay and mortality among the patients with NIV failure&#44; NIV success and IMV&#46; Comparison of the patients with NIV failure versus those receiving IMV as first support measure&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">APACHE II&#58; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II&#59; DM&#58; diabetes mellitus&#59; COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; AHT&#58; arterial hypertension&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 95&#37; confidence interval&#59; OR&#58; odds ratio&#59; SOFA&#58; Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score upon admission to the ICU&#59; RRT&#58; renal replacement therapy&#59; IMV&#58; invasive mechanical ventilation&#59; NIV&#58; noninvasive ventilation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">History of respiratory disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;47&#8211;2&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Oseltamivir 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&#8211;2&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;23&#8211;40&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hemodynamic failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;21&#8211;101&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;34&#8211;92&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">SOFA &#62;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;76&#8211;13&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;63&#8211;3&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">APACHE II &#62;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Platelets &#62; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 45. Issue 6.
Pages 347-353 (August - September 2021)
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3995
Vol. 45. Issue 6.
Pages 347-353 (August - September 2021)
Original
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Risk factors associated to noninvasive ventilation failure in primary influenza A pneumonia in the critical care setting
Factores de riesgo de fracaso de ventilación no invasiva en neumonía primaria por influenza A en pacientes críticos
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3995
H. Hernández Garcés
Corresponding author
hektorhernandez84@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. Navarro Lacalle, L. Lizama López, R. Zaragoza Crespo
Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
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Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients subjected to mechanical ventilation. Comparison of patients with NIV failure versus success.
Table 2. Stay and mortality among the patients with NIV failur